Abstract Title: LED enhances anti-inflammatory effect of. Abstract Source: Am J Transl Res. 2018 ;10(1):283-291. Epub 2018 Jan 15. PMID: 29423013 Abstract Author(s): Shengnuo Fan, Ahsan Habib, Jun Liu, Jun Tan Article Affiliation: Shengnuo Fan Abstract: Neuroinflammation is a complex pathological process usually results from abnormal microglial activation, thus, intervention in a microglial stimulation pathway could be a promising approach for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Luteolin is an important bioflavonoid possesses anti-inflammatory properties, which is widely studied over these years. Light emitting diode (LED) therapy is reported to be a potential therapeutic strategy for many diseases including neurodegenerative diseases. However, little is known about the anti-inflammatory effect of LED therapy on activated microglial cells, even less is known whether there is a synergistic anti-inflammatory effect exist in LED and luteolin therapy. In this study, we aimed to confirm the anti-inflammatory effect of luteolin and LED combination therapy in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. We showed that luteolin inhibited LPS-induced cytotoxicity, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production through modulation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling in BV2 cells. In addition, LED therapy enhanced the anti-inflammatory effect of luteolin. These results suggest that a synergistic effect between luteolin and LED could be a new effective therapy in relieving neuroinflammation. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2017

Abstract Title: Photodynamic therapy of human biliary cancer cell line using combination of phosphorus porphyrins and light emitting diode. Abstract Source: Bioorg Med Chem. 2017 Oct 21. Epub 2017 Oct 21. PMID: 29108834 Abstract Author(s): Jin Matsumoto, Kou Suzuki, Masahide Yasuda, Yuya Yamaguchi, Yoshitaka Hishikawa, Naoya Imamura, Atsushi Nanashima Article Affiliation: Jin Matsumoto Abstract: A series of phosphorus porphyrin complexes ([(RO)2P(tpp)]Cl, tpp = tetraphenylporphyrinato group, R = -(CH2CH2O)m(CH2)nH; 1a: m = 2, n = 2; 1b: m = 2, n = 4; 1c: m = 2, n = 6; 1d: m = 3, n = 6) were used for the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of human biliary cancer cell line (NOZ) when exposed to the irradiation of light emitting diodes (LEDs). A Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing NOZ cells (2000 cell well(-1)) and 1 (0-100 nM) was introduced into a 96-well microplate and incubated for 24 h to accumulate 1 into the NOZ cells and to multiply the NOZ cells until the cell number reached 10(4) cells well(-1). After replacing the DMEM medium containing 1 with a fresh DMEM medium without 1, the plates were irradiated for 30 min at 610 nm. After incubation was performed for 24 h in dark conditions, the cell viability of the NOZ cells was determined using the MTT assay. The half maximuminhibitory concentrations 50 (IC50) of 1a-1d were found to be in the range of 33.7-58.7 nM for NOZ. These IC50 values for the NOZ were one hundredth the IC50 value (7.57 μM) for mono-l-aspartyl chlorin e6 (laserphyrin®). Thus, it was found that the PDT activity of 1a-1d was much higher than the mono-l-aspartyl chlorin e6. Similarly, IC50 vales of 1a-1d for HeLa cells were found to be 27.8-52.5 nM. This showed that 1a-1d had high photodynamic activity in cancer cells. At the same time, it was speculated that an LED is a useful light source for deactivating the cancer cells because it can excite the sensitizers with peak width in their absorption spectra using the light of the specified wave length with band width of 10-20 nm; LEDs provide a homogeneous light distribution for the target cells. Article Published Date : Oct 20, 2017

Abstract Title: Photobiomodulation therapy promotes neurogenesis by improving post-stroke local microenvironment and stimulating neuroprogenitor cells. Abstract Source: Exp Neurol. 2017 Oct 19. Epub 2017 Oct 19. PMID: 29056360 Abstract Author(s): Luodan Yang, Donovan Tucker, Yan Dong, Chongyun Wu, Yujiao Lu, Yong Li, Juan Zhang, Timon Cheng-Yi Liu, Quanguang Zhang Article Affiliation: Luodan Yang Abstract: Recent work has indicated that photobiomodulation (PBM) may beneficially alter the pathological status of several neurological disorders, although the mechanism currently remains unclear. The current study was designed to investigate the beneficial effect of PBM on behavioral deficits and neurogenesis in a photothrombotic (PT) model of ischemic stroke in rats. From day 1 to day 7 after the establishment of PT model, 2-minute daily PBM (CW, 808nm, 350mW/cm(2), total 294J at scalp level) was applied on the infarct injury area (1.8mm anterior to the bregma and 2.5mm lateral from the midline). Rats received intraperitoneal injections of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) twice daily (50mg/kg) from day 2 to 8 post-stoke, and samples were collected at day 14. We demonstrated that PBM significantly attenuated behavioral deficits and infarct volume induced by PT stroke. Further investigation displayed that PBM remarkably enhanced neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, as evidenced by immunostaining of BrdU, Ki67, DCX, MAP2, spinophilin, and synaptophysin. Mechanistic studies suggested beneficial effects of PBM were accompanied by robust suppression of reactive gliosis and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. On the contrary, the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, cytochrome c oxidase activity and ATP production in peri-infarct regions were elevated following PBM treatment. Intriguingly, PBM could effectively switch an M1 microglial phenotype to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Our novel findings indicated that PBM is capable of promoting neurogenesis after ischemic stroke. The underlying mechanisms may rely on: 1) promotion of proliferation and differentiation of internal neuroprogenitor cells in the peri-infarct zone; 2) improvement of the neuronal microenvironment by altering inflammatory status and promoting mitochondrial function. These findings provide strong support for the promising therapeutic effect of PBM on neuronal repair following ischemic stroke. Article Published Date : Oct 18, 2017

Abstract Title: Photobiomodulation Therapy Alleviates Tissue Fibroses Associated with Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Two Case Reports and Putative Anti-Fibrotic Roles of TGF-β. Abstract Source: Photomed Laser Surg. 2017 Oct 19. Epub 2017 Oct 19. PMID: 29053051 Abstract Author(s): Joel B Epstein, Judith E Raber-Durlacher, Marie-Charlotte Huysmans, Maria C E Schoordijk, Jerry E Cheng, Rene-Jean Bensadoun, Praveen R Arany Article Affiliation: Joel B Epstein Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Patients who receive allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may experience oral complications due to chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). The manifestations may include progressive sclerosis-like changes that may involve various body sites, including the oropharynx. METHODS AND RESULTS: We present two cGVHD cases of oropharyngeal fibrotic changes that affected functions that were treated with photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy. These case reports suggest that PBM therapy represents an additional, innovative approach affecting discrete phases in cGVHD-associated fibrotic changes. CONCLUSIONS: We discuss these observations in the context of currently understood molecular mechanisms, especially induction of transforming growth factor beta and NFκB that appear to be counter-intuitive to their known roles in matrix synthesis and inflammation that contribute to tissue fibroses. The clinical benefit noted in the two cases presented clearly indicates that there are distinct mechanistic and biological insights in the regulation of these molecular pathways in determining therapeutic efficacy with PBM therapy. Article Published Date : Oct 18, 2017

Abstract Title: Combinational light emitting diode-high frequency focused ultrasound treatment for HeLa cell. Abstract Source: Comput Assist Surg (Abingdon). 2017 Sep 28:1-7. Epub 2017 Sep 28. PMID: 28956464 Abstract Author(s): Se-Woon Choe, Kitae Park, Chulwoo Park, Jaemyung Ryu, Hojong Choi Article Affiliation: Se-Woon Choe Abstract: PURPOSE: Light sources such as laser and light emitting diode or ultrasound devices have been widely used for cancer therapy and regenerative medicines, since they are more cost-effective and less harmful than radiation therapy, chemotherapy or magnetic treatment. Compared to laser and low intensity ultrasound techniques, light emitting diode and high frequency focused ultrasound shows enhanced therapeutic effects, especially for small tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We propose combinational light emitting diode-high frequency focused ultrasound treatment for human cervical cancer HeLa cells. Individual red, green, and blue light emitting diode light only, high frequency focused ultrasound only, or light emitting diode light combined with high frequency focused ultrasound treatments were applied in order to characterize the responses of HeLa cells. RESULTS: Cell density exposed by blue light emitting diode light combined with high frequency focused ultrasound (2.19 ± 0.58%) was much lower than that of cells exposed by red and green light emitting diode lights (81.71 ± 9.92% and 61.81 ± 4.09%), blue light emitting diode light (11.19 ± 2.51%) or high frequency focused ultrasound only (9.72 ± 1.04%). CONCLUSIONS: We believe that the proposed combinational blue light emitting diode-high frequency focused ultrasound treatment could have therapeutic benefits to alleviate cancer cell proliferation. Article Published Date : Sep 27, 2017

Abstract Title: Chemoresistance to 5-FU inhibited by 635 nm LED irradiation in CD133+ KB cell line. Abstract Source: Lasers Med Sci. 2017 Sep 27. Epub 2017 Sep 27. PMID: 28956217 Abstract Author(s): Donghwi Kim, Mineon Park, Hyunwoong Jang, Hoon Hyun, Wonbong Lim Article Affiliation: Donghwi Kim Abstract: Consistent with cancer stem cell theory, a small fraction of cancer cells, described as cancer stem cells (CSCs), may promote tumor recurrence and anti-cancer drug resistance. Therefore, much effort has been devoted to the development of CSC targeted therapy to vanquish drug resistance. In this study, we have investigated the effect of multiple light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation treatments with conventional anti-cancer drugs on CSC-like oral cancer cells that acquired stemness by ectopic over expression of CD133. To evaluate combined LED irradiation anti-cancer drug effects, we investigated the chemosensitizing effect of 635 nm irradiation on 5-fluorouracil (5FU)-treated KB(CD133+) and KB(Vec) cells, interrogating the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with stemness and apoptosis that are responsible for chemopreventive activity. In addition, combination therapy with LED irradiation and 5-FU treatment was carried out in KB(CD133+) and KB(Vec) cell-inoculated mouse models. LED irradiation of 635 nm inhibited CSC-like properties consistent with a decrease in OCT4 and NANOG protein expression, reducing colony-forming ability. In addition, LED irradiation enhanced 5-FU-induced cytotoxicity and improved 5-FUchemosensitivity in KB(CD133+) via enhancement of apoptosis. These findings were validated in vivo, wherein LED irradiation combined with 5-FU treatment inhibited tumor growth in KB(CD133+)-inoculated mice. Collectively, our results provide novel evidence for 635 nm irradiation-induced 5-FU chemosensitization of CSC in oral cancer. In addition, this research highlights that 635 nm LED irradiation may serve as an adjunct treatment to conventional chemotherapeutic drugs in patients with oral cancer. Article Published Date : Sep 26, 2017

Abstract Title: Applications of Light Emitting Diodes in Health Care. Abstract Source: Ann Biomed Eng. 2017 Sep 25. Epub 2017 Sep 25. PMID: 28948402 Abstract Author(s): Jianfei Dong, Daxi Xiong Article Affiliation: Jianfei Dong Abstract: Light emitting diodes (LEDs) have become the main light sources for general lighting, due to their high lumen efficiency and long life time. Moreover, their high bandwidth and the availability of diverse wavelength contents ranging from ultraviolet to infrared empower them with great controllability in tuning brightness, pulse durations and spectra. These parameters are the essential ingredients of the applications in medical imaging and therapies. Despite the fast advances in both LED technologies and their applications, few reviews have been seen to link the controllable emission properties of LEDs to these applications. The objective of this paper is to bridge this gap by reviewing the main control techniques of LEDs that enable creating enhanced lighting patterns for imaging and generating effective photon doses for photobiomodulation. This paper also provides the basic mechanisms behind the effective LED therapies in treating cutaneous and neurological diseases. The emerging field of optogenetics is also discussed with a focus on the application of LEDs. The multidisciplinary topics reviewed in this paper can help the researchers in LEDs, imaging, light therapy and optogenetics better understand the basic principles in each other's field; and hence to stimulate the application of LEDs in health care. Article Published Date : Sep 24, 2017

Abstract Title: LED Phototherapy With Gelatin Sponge Promotes Wound Healing in Mice. Abstract Source: Photochem Photobiol. 2017 Aug 1. Epub 2017 Aug 1. PMID: 28763104 Abstract Author(s): Heng Zhang, Shupeng Liu, Xiangfei Yang, Na Chen, Fufei Pang, Zhenyi Chen, Tingyun Wang, Jianshe Zhou, Fuji Ren, Xiaoyin Xu, Taihao Li Article Affiliation: Heng Zhang Abstract: Tiny but highly efficient, a light emitting diode (LED) can power a therapy device, such as a phototherapy device, and, at the same time, decrease the device's size requirements. In this study, a LED phototherapy device was designed to investigate the possible impact on wound healing using a mouse model and a cell line exposed to red and blue light. To enhance wound phototherapy, a gelatin sponge was fabricated. Results showed that the red and blue lights promoted cell growth and wound healing, while the blue light with a gelatin sponge protected the wound from infection in the early stages of wound healing. The LED phototherapy device combined with the gelatin sponge, therefore, has potential significance in clinical application for wound healing. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Article Published Date : Jul 31, 2017

Abstract Title: Curcumin photodynamic effect in the treatment of the induced periodontitis in rats. Abstract Source: Lasers Med Sci. 2017 Jul 3. Epub 2017 Jul 3. PMID: 28674790 Abstract Author(s): Letícia Helena Theodoro, Marcio Luiz Ferro-Alves, Mariéllen Longo, Marta Aparecida Alberton Nuernberg, Renata Pironato Ferreira, Adriele Andreati, Edilson Ervolino, Cristiane Duque, Valdir Gouveia Garcia Article Affiliation: Letícia Helena Theodoro Abstract: This study assessed the effect of curcumin as a photosensitizer in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) for the treatment of induced periodontitis in rats. Periodontitis was induced via a ligature around the mandibular first molar on the left side of 96 rats. The ligature was removed 7 days later, and the animals were randomized into four groups: NT, no local treatment; CUR, irrigation with curcumin solution (40 μM); LED, irradiation with a light-emitting diode (LED, InGaN, 465-485 nm, 200 mW/cm(2), 60 s); and aPDT, irrigation with curcumin solution (40 μM) followed by irradiation with LED. Eight animals from each group were euthanized at 7, 15, and 30 days post-treatment. Treatments were assessed using alveolar bone loss (ABL) in the furcation region using histological, histometric, and immunohistochemical analyses. Rats treated with aPDT exhibited less ABL at 7 days compared to the NT group, moderate pattern immunolabeling for osteoprotegerin at 30 days, and a pattern of immunolabeling for RANKL from moderate to low. Treatments resulted in smaller numbers of TRAP-positive cells compared to the NT group. aPDT as monotherapy using curcumin as a photosensitizer and LED as the light source was effective in the treatment of induced periodontitis in rats. Article Published Date : Jul 02, 2017

Abstract Title: Pulsed light-emitting diodes for higher phytochemical level in microgreens. Abstract Source: J Agric Food Chem. 2017 Jun 15. Epub 2017 Jun 15. PMID: 28618783 Abstract Author(s): Viktorija Vaštakaitė, Akvilė Viršilė, Aušra Brazaitytė, Giedrė Samuolienė, Julė Jankauskienė, Algirdas Novičkovas, Pavelas Duchovskis Article Affiliation: Viktorija Vaštakaitė Abstract: A novel research of pulsed LED lighting versus continuous lighting was conducted by analyzing phytochemicals levels in microgreens. Red pak choi (Brassica rapa var. chinensis), mustard (Brassica juncea L.) and tatsoi (Brassica rapa var. rosularis) were grown indoors under HPS lamps supplemented with monochromatic (455 nm, 470 nm, 505 nm, 590 nm and 627 nm) LEDs (total PPFD 200±10 µmol m(-2) s(-1); 16 h day(-1)). For pulsed light treatments, the frequencies at 2 Hz, 32 Hz, 256 Hz, and 1024 Hz with a duty cycle of 50% of monochromatic LEDs were applied. The results were compared with those under the continuous light (0 Hz) condition in terms of total phenolic content, anthocyanins and antiradical activity (DPPH). The summarize data suggested that pulsed light affected accumulation of secondary metabolites both positive and negative in microgreens. The significant differences in the response of phytochemicals between pulsed light at several frequencies and continuous light were determined. The most positive effects of 2 Hz, 256 Hz, 1024 Hz for total phenolic compounds in mustard under all wavelengths LEDs were achieved. The LEDs frequencies at 2 Hz and 32 Hz were the most suitable for accumulation of anthocyanins in red pak choi and tatsoi. The highest antiradical activity under the treatments of 32 Hz, 256 Hz and 1024 Hz in mustard, and under the 2 Hz frequency in red pak choi and tatsoi was determined. Article Published Date : Jun 14, 2017

Abstract Title: Blue light induced reactive oxygen species from flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide on lethality of HeLa cells. Abstract Source: J Photochem Photobiol B. 2017 Jun 13 ;173:325-332. Epub 2017 Jun 13. PMID: 28633062 Abstract Author(s): Ming-Yeh Yang, Chih-Jui Chang, Liang-Yü Chen Article Affiliation: Ming-Yeh Yang Abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a safe and non-invasive treatment for cancers and microbial infections. Various photosensitizers and light sources have been developed for clinical cancer therapies. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are the cofactor of enzymes and are used as photosensitizers in this study. Targeting hypoxia and light-triggering reactive oxygen species (ROS) are experimental strategies for poisoning tumor cells in vitro. HeLa cells are committed to apoptosis when treated with FMN or FAD and exposed to visible blue light (the maximum emitted wavelength of blue light is 462nm). Under blue light irradiation at 3.744J/cm(2) (=0.52mW/cm(2) irradiated for 2h), the minimal lethal dose is 3.125μM and the median lethal doses (LD50) for FMN and FAD are 6.5μM and 7.2μM, respectively. Individual exposure to visible blue light irradiation or riboflavin photosensitizers does not produce cytotoxicity and no side effects are observed in this study. The western blotting results also show that an intrinsic apoptosis pathway is activated by the ROS during photolysis of riboflavin analogues. Blue light triggers the cytotoxicity of riboflavins on HeLa cells in vitro. Based on these results, this is a feasible and efficient of PDT with an intrinsic photosensitizer for cancer research. Article Published Date : Jun 12, 2017

Abstract Title: Photobiomodulation therapy for the management of radiation-induced dermatitis : A single-institution experience of adjuvant radiotherapy in breast cancer patients after breast conserving surgery. Abstract Source: Strahlenther Onkol. 2017 Jun ;193(6):491-498. Epub 2017 Feb 27. PMID: 28243723 Abstract Author(s): Iosif Strouthos, Georgios Chatzikonstantinou, Nikolaos Tselis, Dimitra Bon, Efstratios Karagiannis, Eleni Zoga, Konstantinos Ferentinos, Julia Maximenko, Vassiliki Nikolettou-Fischer, Nikolaos Zamboglou Article Affiliation: Iosif Strouthos Abstract: BACKGROUND: Radiation therapy (RT) comprises a key component in the treatment of breast cancer. Radiation-induced skin toxicity is the major adverse event experienced by patients; however, radiodermatitis (RD) prevention and management remains trivial. It is proven that photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy using light-emitting diode (LED) increases wound healing and depicts an anti-inflammatory effect. This single-institute study evaluates the beneficial role of PBM-LED in preventing/reducing RD during breast cancer RT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Of 70 consecutively treated patients, 25 patients were treated with PBM-LED twice a week prior to adjuvant 3D conformal RT after breast-conserving surgery. RD was reported using Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events Version 4.0 and pain intensity using a visual analog scale (VAS). For comparison, a control group (n = 45) received RT without PBM-LED. In addition, a "matched"group (n = 25) was generated from the control group based on propensity for potentially confounding variables. RESULTS: In the PBM group, 22 patients (88%) presented grade 1 and 3 (12%) grade 2 RD. In the control group, 25 patients (55.6%) developed grade 1 reactions, 18 patients (40%) grade 2, and 2 (4.4%) patients grade 3 RD. Concerning pain intensity, 15 patients (60%) of the PBM treatment arm reported no pain, 5 patients (20%) VAS 2, and 5 (20%) VAS 3. In the control group, 13 patients (28.9%) reported no pain, 2 (4.4%) VAS 1, 7 (15.6%) VAS 2, 9 patients (20%) reported VAS 3, 12 (26.7%) patients VAS 4, and 2 (4.4%) patients VAS 5. CONCLUSION: PBM-LED therapy applied prior to RT might be effective in decreasing the incidence and sequelae of radiation-induced skin toxicity in breast cancer patients treated with breast-conserving surgery. Article Published Date : May 31, 2017

Abstract Title: Antimicrobial activity of photodynamic therapy in combination with colistin against a pan-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from burn patient. Abstract Source: Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2017 Jun ;18:1-5. Epub 2017 Jan 12. PMID: 28088439 Abstract Author(s): Ebrahim Boluki, Hossein Kazemian, Hadi Peeridogaheh, Mohammad Yousef Alikhani, Sima Shahabi, Leili Beytollahi, Roghayeh Ghorbanzadeh Article Affiliation: Ebrahim Boluki Abstract: Nosocomially-acquired multi-, extensively-, and pandrug resistant (MDR, XDR, and PDR) strains of microorganisms such as Acinetobacter baumannii remain a serious cause of infection and septic mortality in burn patients. Treatment of patients with nosocomial burn wound infections is often complicated by drug-resistant strains of A. baumannii. Today, many researchers are focusing on the investigation of novel non-antibiotic strategies such as photodynamic therapy (PDT). We report a new PDT strategy that suppresses colistin resistance in PDR A. baumannii by interfering with the expression of a pmrA/pmrB two-component system. In the current study, A. baumannii with a PDR feature isolated from a burn patient was used as a test strain. PDT was carried out using toluidine blue O (TBO) and light-emitting diode (LED) as a photosensitizer and radiation source, respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were assessed for cells surviving PDT. The effects of sub-lethal PDT (sPDT) on the expression of the pmrA/pmrB two-component signal transduction system were evaluated by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Results of drug susceptibly testing (DST) in LED and TBO groups separately showed that the bacteria were resistant to all tested antibiotics, while the DST result of the LED+TBO group showed highly declining bacterial growth when compared with the control group. Reduction in the expression of pmrA and pmrB was observed in the treated strains after sPDT. This represents the first conclusive example of a direct role for the PDT in breaking antibiotic resistance by directly modulating two-component system activity. Article Published Date : May 31, 2017

Abstract Title: Low-level light emitting diode therapy promotes long-term functional recovery after experimental stroke in mice. Abstract Source: J Biophotonics. 2017 May 2. Epub 2017 May 2. PMID: 28464523 Abstract Author(s): Hae In Lee, Sae-Won Lee, Nam Gyun Kim, Kyoung-Jun Park, Byung Tae Choi, Yong-Il Shin, Hwa Kyoung Shin Article Affiliation: Hae In Lee Abstract: We aimed to investigate the effects of low-level light emitting diode therapy (LED-T) on the long-term functional outcomes after cerebral ischemia, and the optimal timing of LED-T initiation for achieving suitable functional recovery. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced in mice via photothrombosis. These mice were assigned to a sham-operated (control), ischemic (vehicle), or LED-T group [initiation immediately (acute), 4 days (subacute) or 10 days (delayed) after ischemia, followed by once-daily treatment for 7 days]. Behavioral outcomes were assessed 21 and 28 days post-ischemia, and histopathological analysis was performed 28 days post-ischemia. The acute and subacute LED-T groups showed a significant improvement in motor function up to 28 days post-ischemia, although no brain atrophy recovery was noted. We observed proliferating cells (BrdU(+) ) in the ischemic brain, and significant increases in BrdU(+) /GFAP(+) , BrdU(+) /DCX(+) , BrdU(+) /NeuN(+) , and CD31(+) cells in the subacute LED-T group. However, the BrdU(+) /Iba-1(+) cell count was reduced in the subacute LED-T group. Furthermore, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was significantly upregulated in the subacute LED-T group. We concluded that LED-T administered during the subacute stage had a positive impact on the long-term functional outcome, probably via neuron and astrocyte proliferation, blood vessel reconstruction, and increased BDNF expression. Picture: The rotarod test for motor coordination showed that acute and subacute LED-T improves long-term functional recovery after cerebral ischemia. Article Published Date : May 01, 2017

Abstract Title: Light-Emitting Diode (LED) therapy improves occipital cortex damage by decreasing apoptosis and increasing BDNF-expressing cells in methanol-induced toxicity in rats. Abstract Source: Biomed Pharmacother. 2017 May ;89:1320-1330. Epub 2017 Mar 18. PMID: 28320099 Abstract Author(s): Amir Ghanbari, Majid Ghareghani, Kazem Zibara, Hamdallah Delaviz, Elham Ebadi, Mohammad Hossein Jahantab Article Affiliation: Amir Ghanbari Abstract: Methanol-induced retinal toxicity, frequently associated with elevated free radicals and cell edema, is characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and vision loss. Previous studies investigated the effect of photomodulation on RGCs, but not the visual cortex. In this study, the effect of 670nm Light-Emitting Diode (LED) therapy on RGCs and visual cortex recovery was investigated in a seven-day methanol-induced retinal toxicity protocol in rats. Methanol administration showed a reduction in the number of RGCs, loss of neurons (neuronal nuclear antigen, NeuN+), activation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP+) expressing cells, suppression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF+) positive cells, increase in apoptosis (caspase 3+) and enhancement of nitric oxide (NO) release in serum and brain. On the other hand, LED therapy significantly reduced RGC death, in comparison to the methanol group. In addition, the number of BDNF positive cells was significantly higher in the visual cortex of LED-treated group, in comparison to methanol-intoxicated and control groups. Moreover, LED therapy caused a significant decrease in cell death (caspase 3+ cells) and a significant reduction in the NO levels, both in serum and brain tissue, in comparison to methanol-intoxicated rats. Overall, LED therapy demonstrated a number of beneficial effects in decreasing oxidative stress and in functional recovery of RGCs and visual cortex. Our data suggest that LED therapy could be a potential condidate as a non-invasive approach for treatment of retinal damage, which needs further clinicl studies. Article Published Date : Apr 30, 2017

Abstract Title: Transcranial LED therapy on amyloid-β toxin 25-35 in the hippocampal region of rats. Abstract Source: Lasers Med Sci. 2017 May ;32(4):749-756. Epub 2017 Mar 2. PMID: 28255783 Abstract Author(s): Camila da Luz Eltchechem, Afonso Shiguemi Inoue Salgado, Renato Amaro Zângaro, Mário César da Silva Pereira, Ivo Ilvan Kerppers, Luis Augusto da Silva, Rodolfo Borges Parreira Article Affiliation: Camila da Luz Eltchechem Abstract: Excessive Aβ deposition in the brain is associated with the formation of senile plaques, and their diffuse distribution is related to Alzheimer's disease. Thirty rats (EG) were irradiated with light-emitting diode (photobiomodulation (PBM)) in the frontal region of the skull after being inoculated with the Aβtoxin in the hippocampus; 30 rats were used as the control group (CG). The analysis was conducted at 7, 14, and 21 days after irradiation. We observed a decreased in Aβ deposits in treated animals compared with animals in the CG. The behavioral and motor assessment revealed that the EG group covered a larger ground distance and explored the open field than the CG group on days 14 and 21 (p < 0.05). The EG group was statistically significant in the spatial memory test compared to the CG group on day 14. The use of PBM significantly reduced the presence of Aβ plaques and improved spatial memory and behavioral and motor skills in treated animals on day 21. Article Published Date : Apr 30, 2017

Abstract Title: Light-Emitting Diode treatment ameliorates allergic lung inflammation in experimental model of asthma induced by ovalbumin. Abstract Source: J Biophotonics. 2017 Apr 18. Epub 2017 Apr 18. PMID: 28417574 Abstract Author(s): Vanessa Perosino Cardoso Siqueira, Marina Izadora Silveira Evangelista, Alana Dos Santos, Rodrigo Labat Marcos, Ana Paula Ligeiro-de-Oliveira, Christiane Pavani, Amílcar Sabino Damazo, Adriana Lino-Dos-Santos-Franco Article Affiliation: Vanessa Perosino Cardoso Siqueira Abstract: Since asthma is a multifactorial disease where treatment sometimes is not effective, new therapies that improve the respiratory discomfort of patients are of great importance. Phototherapy as Light-emitting diode (LED) has emerged as a treatment that presents good results for diseases that are characterized by inflammation. Thus, our objective was to investigate the effects of LED on lung inflammation, by an evaluation of lung cell infiltration, mucus secretion, oedema, and the production of cytokines. Male Balb/c mice were or not sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) and treated or not with LED therapy (1 h and 4 h after each OVA challenge). Twenty-four hours after the last OVA challenge, analyzes were performed. Our results showed that LED treatment in asthmatic mice reduced the lung cell infiltration, the mucus production, the oedema, and the tracheal's contractile response. It also increasedthe IL-10 and the IFN-gamma levels. The effects of LED treatment on lung inflammation may be modulated by IL-10, IFN-gamma, and by mast cells. This study may provide important information about the effects of LED, and in addition, it may open the possibility of a new approach for the treatment of asthma. Article Published Date : Apr 17, 2017

Abstract Title: 405 ± 5 nm light emitting diode illumination causes photodynamic inactivation of Salmonella spp. on fresh-cut papaya without deterioration. Abstract Source: Food Microbiol. 2017 Apr ;62:124-132. Epub 2016 Oct 3. PMID: 27889138 Abstract Author(s): Min-Jeong Kim, Woo Suk Bang, Hyun-Gyun Yuk Article Affiliation: Min-Jeong Kim Abstract: This study evaluated the antibacterial effect of 405 ± 5 nm light emitting diode (LED) illumination against four Salmonella serovars on fresh-cut papaya and on fruit quality at various storage temperatures. To determine the antibacterial mechanism of LED illumination at 0.9 kJ/cm(2), oxidative damage to DNA and membrane lipids of Salmonella in phosphate-buffered saline solution was measured. The populations of Salmonella on cut fruits were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by 0.3-1.3 log CFU/cm(2) at chilling temperatures following LED illumination for 36-48 h (1.3-1.7 kJ/cm(2)). However, at room temperature, bacterial populations increased rapidly to 6.3-7.0 log CFU/cm(2) following LED illumination for 24 h (0.9 kJ/cm(2)), which was approximately1.0 log lower than the number of colonies on non-illuminated fruits. Levels of bacterial DNA oxidation significantly increased, whereas lipid peroxidation in bacterial membrane was not observed, suggesting that DNA oxidation contributes to photodynamic inactivation by LED illumination. LED illumination did not adversely affect the physicochemical and nutritional qualities of cut papaya, regardless of storage temperature. These results indicate that a food chiller equipped with 405 ± 5 nm LEDs can preserve fresh-cut papayas in retail stores without deterioration, minimizing the risk of salmonellosis. Article Published Date : Mar 31, 2017

Abstract Title: LED Blue Light-induced changes in phenolics and ethylene in citrus fruit: Implication in elicited resistance against Penicillium digitatum infection. Abstract Source: Food Chem. 2017 Mar 1 ;218:575-583. Epub 2016 Sep 16. PMID: 27719952 Abstract Author(s): Ana-Rosa Ballester, María T Lafuente Article Affiliation: Ana-Rosa Ballester Abstract: The objective was to investigate whether LED Blue Light (LBL) induces changes in phenolics and ethylene production of sweet oranges, and whether they participate in LBL-elicited resistance against the most important postharvest pathogen (Penicillium digitatum) of citrus fruit. The expression of relevant genes of the phenylpropanoid and ethylene biosynthetic pathways during elicitation of resistance was also determined. Different LBL (wavelength 450nm) quantum fluxes were used within the 60-630μmolm(-2)s(-1) range. The HPLC analysis showed that the most relevant increase in phenylpropanoids occurred in scoparone, which markedly increased 3days after exposing fruits to a very high quantum flux (630μmolm(-2)s(-1)) for 18h. However, phenylpropanoids, including scoparone, were not criticalfactors in LBL-induced resistance. The genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis were differentially regulated by LBL. Ethylene is not involved in elicited resistance, although high LBL levels increased ethylene production in only 1h. Article Published Date : Feb 28, 2017

Abstract Title: Significant Improvement in Cognition in Mild to Moderately Severe Dementia Cases Treated with Transcranial Plus Intranasal Photobiomodulation: Case Series Report. Abstract Source: Photomed Laser Surg. 2017 Feb 10. Epub 2017 Feb 10. PMID: 28186867 Abstract Author(s): Anita E Saltmarche, Margaret A Naeser, Kai Fai Ho, Michael R Hamblin, Lew Lim Article Affiliation: Anita E Saltmarche Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study investigated whether patients with mild to moderately severe dementia or possible Alzheimer's disease (AD) with Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) Baseline scores of 10-24 would improve when treated with near-infrared photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy. BACKGROUND: Animal studies have presented the potential of PBM for AD. Dysregulation of the brain's default mode network (DMN) has been associated with AD, presenting the DMN as an identifiable target for PBM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study used 810 nm, 10 Hz pulsed, light-emitting diode devices combining transcranial plus intranasal PBM to treat the cortical nodes of the DMN (bilateral mesial prefrontal cortex, precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex, angular gyrus, and hippocampus). Five patients with mild to moderately severe cognitive impairment were entered into 12 weeks of active treatment as well as a follow-up no-treatment, 4-week period. Patients were assessed with the MMSE and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-cog) tests. The protocol involved weekly, in-clinic use of a transcranial-intranasal PBM device; and daily at-home use of an intranasal-only device. RESULTS: There was significant improvement after 12 weeks of PBM (MMSE, p < 0.003; ADAS-cog, p < 0.023). Increased function, better sleep, fewer angry outbursts, less anxiety, and wandering were reported post-PBM. There were no negative side effects. Precipitous declines were observed during the follow-up no-treatment, 4-week period. This is the first completed PBM case series to report significant, cognitive improvement in mild to moderately severe dementia and possible AD cases. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that larger, controlled studies are warranted. PBM shows potential for home treatment of patients with dementia and AD. Article Published Date : Feb 09, 2017

Abstract Title: Low-level light emitting diode (LED) therapy suppresses inflammasome-mediated brain damage in experimental ischemic stroke. Abstract Source: J Biophotonics. 2017 Feb 6. Epub 2017 Feb 6. PMID: 28164443 Abstract Author(s): Hae In Lee, Sae-Won Lee, Nam Gyun Kim, Kyoung-Jun Park, Byung Tae Choi, Yong-Il Shin, Hwa Kyoung Shin Article Affiliation: Hae In Lee Abstract: Use of photostimulation including low-level light emitting diode (LED) therapy has broadened greatly in recent years because it is compact, portable, and easy to use. Here, the effects of photostimulation by LED (610 nm) therapy on ischemic brain damage was investigated in mice in which treatment started after a stroke in a clinically relevant setting. The mice underwent LED therapy (20 min) twice a day for 3 days, commencing at 4 hours post-ischemia. LED therapy group generated a significantly smaller infarct size and improvements in neurological function based on neurologic test score. LED therapy profoundly reduced neuroinflammatory responses including neutrophil infiltration and microglia activation in the ischemic cortex. LED therapy also decreased cell death and attenuated the NLRP3 inflammasome,in accordance with down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 in the ischemic brain. Moreover, the mice with post-ischemic LED therapy showed suppressed TLR-2 levels, MAPK signaling and NF-kB activation. These findings suggest that by suppressing the inflammasome, LED therapy canattenuate neuroinflammatory responses and tissue damage following ischemic stroke. Therapeutic interventions targeting the inflammasome via photostimulation with LED may be a novel approach to ameliorate brain injury following ischemic stroke. Effect of post-ischemic low-level light emitting diodetherapy (LED-T) on infarct reduction was mediated by inflammasome suppression. Article Published Date : Feb 05, 2017

Abstract Title: Identifying Dosage Effect of Light-Emitting Diode Therapy on Muscular Fatigue in Quadriceps. Abstract Source: J Strength Cond Res. 2017 Feb ;31(2):395-402. PMID: 27359205 Abstract Author(s): Thomas J Hemmings, Kristina L Kendall, John L Dobson Article Affiliation: Thomas J Hemmings Abstract: Hemmings, TJ, Kendall, KL, and Dobson, JL. Identifying dosage effect of light-emitting diode therapy on muscular fatigue in quadriceps. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 395-402, 2017-The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of various dosages of light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) on muscle fatigue while performing a single-leg extension to exhaustion. A total of 34 recreationally resistance-trained athletes between the ages of 18 and 26 participated in 4 trials. Each trial included pre-exercise/postexercise blood lactate measurements and 2 sets of 3 maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs), followed by LEDT on 6 points across the superficial quadriceps. Each randomized trial consisted of a placebo, 30, 60, or 120 seconds on each point on the quadriceps. Three minutes after LEDT, the participants performed an eccentric leg extension with 120% of MVIC until fatigue. There was significant increase in the number of repetitions performed between the placebo treatment and 60 seconds (p = 0.023), as well as placebo and 120 seconds (p = 0.004) of irradiation on each point. There were no significant differences in blood lactate levels between any of the 4 trials. In conclusion, LEDT had a positive effect on performance when irradiating 6 points on the superficial quadriceps for 60 and 120 seconds before an eccentric leg extension. Article Published Date : Jan 31, 2017

Abstract Title: Inhibitory effect of blue light emitting diode on migration and invasion of cancer cells. Abstract Source: J Cell Physiol. 2017 Jan 18. Epub 2017 Jan 18. PMID: 28098340 Abstract Author(s): Phil-Sun Oh, Hyun-Soo Kim, Eun-Mi Kim, Hyosook Hwang, Hyang Hwa Ryu, SeokTae Lim, Myung-Hee Sohn, Hwan-Jeong Jeong Article Affiliation: Phil-Sun Oh Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the effects and molecular mechanism of blue light emitting diode (LED) in tumor cells. A migration and invasion assay for the metastatic behavior of mouse colon cancer CT-26 and human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 cells was performed. Cancer cell migration-related proteins were identified by obtaining a 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) in total cellular protein profile of blue LED-irradiated cancer cells, followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) analysis of proteins. Protein levels were examined by immunoblotting. Irradiation with blue LED inhibited CT-26 and HT-1080 cell migration and invasion. The anti-metastatic effects of blue LED irradiation were associated with inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 expression. P38 MAPK phosphorylation was increased in blue LED-irradiated CT-26 and HT-1080 cells, but was inhibited after pretreatment with SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK. Inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation by SB203580 treatment increased number of migratory cancer cells in CT-26 and HT-1080 cells, indicating that blue LED irradiation inhibited cancer cell migration via phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. Additionally blue LED irradiation of mice injected with CT-26 cells expressing luciferase decreased early stage lung metastasis compared to untreated control mice. These results indicate that blue LED irradiation inhibits cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo. Article Published Date : Jan 17, 2017

Abstract Title: Effects of Photodynamic Therapy Using Yellow LED-light with Concomitant Hypocrellin B on Apoptotic Signaling in Keloid Fibroblasts. Abstract Source: Int J Biol Sci. 2017 ;13(3):319-326. Epub 2017 Feb 25. PMID: 28367096 Abstract Author(s): Yongqing Hu, Chunmin Zhang, Shengli Li, Ya Jiao, Tonggang Qi, Guo Wei, Gangwen Han Article Affiliation: Yongqing Hu Abstract: Keloid is a common and refractory disease characterized by abnormal fibroblast proliferation and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components. Hypocrellin B (HB) is a natural perylene quinone photosensitizer. In this experiment, we studied the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using yellow light from light-emitting diode (LED) combined with HB on keloid fibroblasts (KFB) in vitro. Our results showed that HB-LED PDT treatment induced significant KFB apoptosis and decreased KFB cell viability. HB-LED PDT treatment lead to significant BAX upregulation and BCL-2 downregulation in KFB cells, which led to elevation of intracellular free Ca(2+) and activation of caspase-3. Our data provides preliminary evidence for the potential of HB-LED PDT as a therapeutic strategy for keloid. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2016

Abstract Title: The Antinociceptive Effect of Light-Emitting Diode Irradiation on Incised Wounds Is Correlated with Changes in Cyclooxygenase 2 Activity, Prostaglandin E2, and Proinflammatory Cytokines. Abstract Source: Pain Res Manag. 2017 ;2017:4792489. Epub 2017 Apr 2. PMID: 28469528 Abstract Author(s): Yuan-Yi Chia, Chien-Cheng Liu, Guan-Ming Feng, Chia-Chih Alex Tseng, Kuo-Chuan Hung, Chih-Chieh Chen, Ping-Heng Tan Article Affiliation: Yuan-Yi Chia Abstract: Background. Light-emitting diode (LED) phototherapy has been reported to relieve pain and enhance tissue repair through several mechanisms. However, the analgesic effect of LED on incised wounds has never been examined. Objectives. We examined the analgesic effect of LED therapy on incision pain and the changes in cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Methods. Rats received LED therapy on incised skin 6 days before incision (L-I group) or 6 days after incision (I-L group) or from 3 days before incision to 3 days after incision (L-I-L group). Behavioral tests and analysis of skin tissue were performed after LED therapy. Results. LED therapy attenuated the decrease in thermal withdrawal latency in all the irradiated groups and the decrease in the mechanical withdrawal threshold in the L-I group only. The expression levels of COX-2, PGE2, and IL-6 were significantly decreased in the three LED-treatedgroups, whereas IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly decreased only in the L-I group compared with their levels in the I groups (p<0.05). Conclusions. LED therapy provides an analgesic effect and modifies the expression of COX-2, PGE2, and proinflammatory cytokines in incised skin. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2016

Abstract Title: The Combination of Resveratrol and High-Fluence Light Emitting Diode-Red Light Produces Synergistic Photobotanical Inhibition of Fibroblast Proliferation and Collagen Synthesis: A Novel Treatment for Skin Fibrosis. Abstract Source: Dermatol Surg. 2017 Jan ;43(1):81-86. PMID: 28027199 Abstract Author(s): Andrew Mamalis, Jared Jagdeo Article Affiliation: Andrew Mamalis Abstract: BACKGROUND: Skin fibrosis is a debilitating condition that significantly impacts patient quality of life. Ultraviolet phototherapy is currently used to treat several diseases featuring skin fibrosis. High-fluence light-emitting diode-generated red light (HF-LED-RL) does not cause DNA damage associated with skin cancer, and it is generally regarded as safe, portable, and cost-effective. Early clinical observations suggest that LED-generated light may possess antifibrotic effects, although these findings are largely unexplored. Previously published research demonstrated that HF-LED-RL decreases fibroblast proliferation and collagen in vitro. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to compare the combination effects of HF-LED-RL alone with HF-LED-RL in combination with resveratrol. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It is hypothesized that resveratrol, an active ingredient in red wine, a potent antioxidant scavenger of reactive oxygen species, and an inhibitor of collagen production, may synergistically decrease fibroblast proliferation and collagen production when combined with HF-LED-RL. RESULTS: In this study, evidence is provided that resveratrol combined with HF-LED-RL acts synergistically to decrease fibroblast proliferation and procollagen 1A1 production, and this represents a new potential therapeutic modality that is termed the"photobotanical"effect due to the combined light and botanical properties observed. CONCLUSION: The study, discovery, and use of photobotanical combinations may usher in new therapeutics or phototherapy adjuvants for the treatment of dermatologic diseases. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2016

Abstract Title: Photodynamic inactivation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli: A metalloporphyrin comparison. Abstract Source: J Photochem Photobiol B. 2016 Dec ;165:51-57. Epub 2016 Oct 15. PMID: 27768953 Abstract Author(s): Troy A Skwor, Stephanie Klemm, Hanyu Zhang, Brianna Schardt, Stephanie Blaszczyk, Matthew A Bork Article Affiliation: Troy A Skwor Abstract: Increasing rates of antibiotic resistance coupled with the lack of novel antibiotics threatens proper clinical treatment and jeopardizes their use in prevention. A photodynamic approach appears to be an innovative treatment option, even for multi-drug resistant strains of bacteria. Three components are utilized in photodynamic inactivation: a photosensitizer, light source, and oxygen. Variations in photosensitizers strongly influence microbial binding and bactericidal activity. In this study, four different cationic metalloporphyrins (Cu(2+), Fe(2+), Pd(2+), Zn(2+)) were compared to the free-base ligand 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin regarding their electronic properties and generation of reactive oxygen species upon subsequent 405nm violet-blue irradiation. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were used as representatives of Gram-positive and -negative, respectively, to assess bactericidal effects by the photodynamic process. Bacterial cultures were pre-incubated with porphyrins and exposed to varying doses of 405nm irradiation (0-30J/cm(2)). Metalloporphyrins containing Cu(2+) and Fe(2+) demonstrated minimal effects on viability. Pronounced bactericidal activity was evident with free-base ligand, Zn(2+), and Pd(2+); though significantly stronger effects were apparent with Pd(2+). Photodynamic killing was directly proportional to reactive oxygen species production post-illumination. These data provide new insight into the influence of metal chelation on photosensitizer activity on bactericidal singlet oxygen production. The strong anti-microbial photodynamic action through the use of a portable light-emitting diode over short time intervals (seconds) provides support for its potential use in self-treatment. Article Published Date : Nov 30, 2016

Abstract Title: Photobiomodulation reduces abdominal adipose tissue inflammatory infiltrate of diet-induced obese and hyperglycemic mice. Abstract Source: J Biophotonics. 2016 Sep 16. Epub 2016 Sep 16. PMID: 27635634 Abstract Author(s): Tania Mateus Yoshimura, Caetano Padial Sabino, Martha Simões Ribeiro Article Affiliation: Tania Mateus Yoshimura Abstract: Systemic inflammation is closely related to the development of insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes, since the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways leads to inhibition of insulin signaling. Although photobiomodulation (PBM) has proven beneficial effects on the treatment of inflammatory disorders, the phototherapeutic approach to manage the chronic inflammatory component of obesity and hyperglycemia had never been explored. In this work, obese and hyperglycemic mice are treated with PBM, and their body mass, glycemia and inflammatory infiltrate of abdominal adipose tissue are evaluated. During four weeks, irradiated animals are exposed to six irradiation sessions using an 843 nm LED (5.7 J cm(-2) at 19 mW cm(-2) per session). Non-irradiated control animals display inflammatory areas almost five times greater than the treated group (p < 0.001). This result on inflammatory infiltrate may have caused impacts on the significant lower blood glucose level from irradiated animals (p = 0.04), twenty-four hours after the last irradiation session. PBM on obese and hyperglycemic mice reduced five times the areas of inflammatory infiltrate within abdominal adipose tissue (a, b), whereas dense inflammatory regions were a common finding amidst non-irradiated animals (c). The asterisks on (c) correspond to the inflammatory infiltrate permeating adipocytes. Article Published Date : Sep 15, 2016

Abstract Title: Evaluation of light-emitting diode (LED-835 NM) application over human gingival fibroblast: an in vitro study. Abstract Source: J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2016 Apr-Jun;30(2 Suppl 1):161-7. PMID: 27469564 Abstract Author(s): M Roncati, D Lauritano, F Cura, F Carinci Article Affiliation: M Roncati Abstract: Since the laser and photomodulation were discovered over 50 years, they have been used for many applications in medicine and in dentistry also. In particular, light-emitting diodes therapy (LT) achieved a great success in medical treatment and photo-therapy. In the decades, LT has been used for several therapeutic purposes. Many beneficial effects have been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, including antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, cell differentiation, immune potentiating and tissue repair activities. Beneficial effects of LT have also been observed in clinical settings. Although there are lots of cell culture studies in low-level laser therapy, there are only a few cell culture studies in LT that have similar characteristics. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of LT on primary human gingival fibroblast cells (HGF) on elastin (ELN) gene activation using Real Time PCR. ELN gene activation is directly connected with elastin protein production and HGF functionality. Human gingival tissue biopsies were obtained from three healthy patients during tooth extraction. The gingival specimens were fragmented with a scalpel and transferred in culture dishes containing Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum (FBS) and antibiotics, i.e. penicillin 100U/ml and streptomycin 100μg/ml. Cells were incubated in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37C. The medium was changed the next day and twice a week. After 15 days, the samples of gingival tissue were removed from the culture dishes. Cells were harvested after an additional 24 h incubation. Human gingival fibroblasts at the second passage were seeded on multiple 6-well plates. The cells stimulation was performed with a light-emitting diodes (LEDs) medical device type E-Light. The LED irradiation seems to be directly correlated with the elastin (ELN) gene activation. Interestingly, ELN gene expression in the cultured human gingival fibroblasts seems to be inversely related to the patients’ age; in fact, its expression tends to decrease with aging. In summary, the result of the present study shows that LED irradiation promoted ELN gene expression more in elderly than in younger adults. Article Published Date : Mar 31, 2016

Abstract Title: Effects of Light-Emitting Diode Therapy on Muscle Hypertrophy, Gene Expression, Performance, Damage, and Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness: Case-control Study with a Pair of Identical Twins. Abstract Source: Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2016 Apr 15. Epub 2016 Apr 15. PMID: 27088469 Abstract Author(s): Cleber Ferraresi, Danilo Bertucci, Josiane Schiavinato, Rodrigo Reiff, Amélia Araújo, Rodrigo Panepucci, Euclides Matheucci, Anderson Ferreira Cunha, Vivian Maria Arakelian, Michael R Hamblin, Nivaldo Parizotto, Vanderlei Bagnato Article Affiliation: Cleber Ferraresi Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to verify how a pair of monozygotic twins would respond to light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) or placebo combined with a strength-training program during 12 weeks. DESIGN: This case-control study enrolled a pair of male monozygotic twins, allocated randomly to LEDT or placebo therapies. Light-emitting diode therapy or placebo was applied from a flexible light-emitting diode array (λ = 850 nm, total energy = 75 J, t = 15 seconds) to both quadriceps femoris muscles of each twin immediately after each strength training session (3 times/wk for 12 weeks) consisting of leg press and leg extension exercises with load of 80% and 50% of the 1-repetition maximum test, respectively. Muscle biopsies, magnetic resonance imaging, maximal load, and fatigue resistance tests were conducted before and after the training program to assess gene expression, muscle hypertrophy and performance, respectively. Creatine kinase levels in blood and visual analog scale assessed muscle damage and delayed-onset muscle soreness, respectively, during the training program. RESULTS: Compared with placebo, LEDT increased the maximal load in exercise and reduced fatigue, creatine kinase, and visual analog scale. Gene expression analyses showed decreases in markers of inflammation (interleukin 1β) and muscle atrophy (myostatin) with LEDT. Protein synthesis (mammalian target of rapamycin) and oxidative stress defense (SOD2 [mitochondrial superoxide dismutase]) were up-regulated with LEDT, together with increases in thigh muscle hypertrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Light-emitting diode therapy can be useful to reduce muscle damage, pain, and atrophy, as well as to increase muscle mass, recovery, and athletic performance in rehabilitation programs and sports medicine. Article Published Date : Apr 14, 2016

Abstract Title: Prevention of Thyroidectomy Scars in Asian Adults With Low-Level Light Therapy. Abstract Source: Dermatol Surg. 2016 Apr ;42(4):526-34. PMID: 26981718 Abstract Author(s): Young Joon Park, Sang Jin Kim, Hyo Sang Song, Sue Kyoung Kim, Jeonghun Lee, Euy Young Soh, You Chan Kim Article Affiliation: Young Joon Park Abstract: BACKGROUND: Abnormal wound-healing after thyroidectomy with a resulting scar is a common dermatologic consultation. Despite many medical and surgical approaches, prevention of postoperative scars is challenging. OBJECTIVE: This study validated the efficacy and safety of low-level light therapy (LLLT) using an 830/590 nm light-emitting diode (LED)-based device for prevention of thyroidectomy scars. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Thirty-five patients with linear surgical suture lines after thyroidectomy were treated with 830/590 nm LED-LLLT. Daily application of 60 J/cm (11 minutes) for 1 week starting on postoperative day 1 was followed by treatment 3 times per week for 3 additional weeks. The control group (n = 15) remained untreated. Scar-prevention effects were evaluated 1 and 3 months after thyroidectomy with colorimetric evaluation using a tristimulus-color analyzer. The Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) score, global assessment, and a subjective satisfaction score (range: 1-4) were also determined. RESULTS: Lightness (L*) and chrome values (a*) decreased significantly at the 3-month follow-up visit in the treatment group compared with those of controls. The average VSS and GAS scores were lower in the treatment group, whereas the subjective score was not significantly different. CONCLUSION: Light-emitting diode based LLLT treatment suppressed the formation of scars after thyroidectomy and could be safely used without noticeable adverse effects. Article Published Date : Mar 31, 2016

Abstract Title: Light-emitting diode therapy reduces persistent inflammatory pain: Role of interleukin 10 and antioxidant enzymes. Abstract Source: Neuroscience. 2016 Mar 18 ;324:485-495. Epub 2016 Mar 18. PMID: 27001179 Abstract Author(s): D F Martins, B L Turnes, F J Cidral-Filho, F Bobinski, R F Rosas, L G Danielski, F Petronilho, A R S Santos Article Affiliation: D F Martins Abstract: BACKGROUND: During the last decades, the use of light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) has increased significantly for the treatment of wound healing, analgesia and inflammatory processes. Nevertheless, scientific data on the mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic effect of LEDT are still insufficient. Thus, this study investigated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effect of LEDT in the model of chronic inflammatory hyperalgesia. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES: Mice injected with Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) underwent behavioral, i.e. mechanical and hot hyperalgesia; determination of cytokine levels (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-10), oxidative stress markers (protein carbonyls and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS)) and antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)). Additionally, mice were pretreated with either naloxone or fucoidin and mechanical hyperalgesia was assessed. RESULTS: LEDT inhibited mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia induced by CFA injection. LEDT did not reduce paw edema, neither influenced the levels of TNF-α and IL1-β; although it increased the levels of IL-10. LEDT significantly prevented TBARS increase in both acute and chronic phases post-CFA injection; whereas protein carbonyl levels were reduced only in the acute phase. LEDT induced an increase in both SOD and CAT activity, with effects observable in the acute but not in the chronic. And finally, pre-administration of naloxone or fucoidin prevented LEDT analgesic effect. CONCLUSIONS: These data contribute to the understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms involved in the therapeutic effect of LEDT as well as provides additional support for its use in the treatment of painful conditions of inflammatory etiology. Article Published Date : Mar 17, 2016

Abstract Title: Ultraviolet light-emitting diode irradiation-induced cell death in HL-60 human leukemia cells in vitro. Abstract Source: Mol Med Rep. 2016 Mar ;13(3):2506-10. Epub 2016 Jan 27. PMID: 26820261 Abstract Author(s): Dong Xie, Yan Sun, Lingzhen Wang, Xiaoling Li, Chuannong Zang, Yunlai Zhi, Lirong Sun Article Affiliation: Dong Xie Abstract: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is considered to be a potent cell-damaging agent in various cell lineages; however, the effect of UV light‑emitting diode (LED) irradiation on human cells remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of UV LED irradiation emitting at 280 nm on cultured HL‑60 human leukemia cells, and to explore the underlying mechanisms. HL‑60 cells were irradiated with UV LED (8, 15,30 and 60 J/m2) and incubated for 2 h after irradiation. The rates of cell proliferation and apoptosis, the cell cycle profiles and the mRNA expression of B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2) were detected using cell counting kit‑8, multicaspase assays, propidium iodide staining and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The results showed that UV LED irradiation (8‑60 J/m2) inhibited the proliferation of HL‑60 cells in a dose‑dependent manner. UV LED at 8‑30 J/m2 induced dose‑dependent apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, and inhibited theexpression of Bcl‑2 mRNA, while UV LED at 60 J/m2 induced necrosis. In conclusion, 280 nm UV LED irradiation inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and necrosis in cultured HL‑60 cells. In addition, the cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and the downregulation of Bcl‑2 mRNA expression were shown to be involved in UV LED-induced apoptosis. Article Published Date : Feb 29, 2016

Abstract Title: Data in support of effect of blue LED irradiation in human lymphoma cells. Abstract Source: Data Brief. 2016 Mar ;6:630-3. Epub 2016 Jan 15. PMID: 26909378 Abstract Author(s): Phil-Sun Oh, Hyosook Hwang, Hwan-Seok Jeong, Jeongil Kwon, Hyun-Soo Kim, Minjoo Kim, SeokTae Lim, Myung-Hee Sohn, Hwan-Jeong Jeong Article Affiliation: Phil-Sun Oh Abstract: As a new and preferred light source for phototherapy, blue light emitting diodes (LEDs) with wavelengths of 400-500 nm have been used to treat hyperbilirubinaemia in infantile jaundice [1]. Recent studies report that blue LED irradiation induces apoptosis by stimulating a mitochondrial pathway and reduces the early growth rate of melanoma cells in mice [2]. Here, we detected the induction of apoptotic cell death and formation of autophagosome in human B lymphoma cells after irradiation with blue LED. This paper provides data in support of the research article entitled"Blue light emitting diode induces apoptosis in lymphoid cells by stimulating autophagy"[3]. Article Published Date : Feb 29, 2016

Abstract Title: Light-emitting diode therapy increases collagen deposition during the repair process of skeletal muscle. Abstract Source: Lasers Med Sci. 2016 Feb 12. Epub 2016 Feb 12. PMID: 26873500 Abstract Author(s): Claudia Aparecida Viana de Melo, Agnelo Neves Alves, Stella Maris Lins Terena, Kristianne Porta Santos Fernandes, Fábio Daumas Nunes, Daniela de Fátima Teixeira da Silva, Sandra Kalil Bussadori, Alessandro Melo Deana, Raquel Agnelli Mesquita-Ferrari Article Affiliation: Claudia Aparecida Viana de Melo Abstract: This study analyzed the effects of light-emitting diode (LED) therapy on the morphology of muscle tissue as well as collagen remodeling and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) activity in the skeletal muscle of rats following acute injury. Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (1) control, (2) sham, (3) untreated cryoinjury, and (4) cryoinjury treated with LED. Cryoinjury was induced by two applications of a metal probe cooled in liquid nitrogen directly onto the belly of the tibialis anterior muscle. For treatment, the LED equipment (wavelength 850 nm, output power 30 mW, and total energy 3.2 J) was used daily. The study periods were 1, 3, and 7 days after cryoinjury. Morphological aspects were evaluated through hematoxylin-eosin staining. The amount of collagen fibers was evaluated using Picro Sirius Red staining under polarized light. The gelatinase activity of MMP-2 was evaluated using zymography. The results showed significant reductions in inflammatory infiltrate after 3 days and an increased number of immature muscle fibers after 7 days. Furthermore, treatment induced a reduction in the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2 after1, 3, and 7 days in comparison to the untreated injury groups and increased the collagen deposition after 3 and 7 days in the treated groups. LED therapy at 850 nm induced a significant reduction in inflammation, decreased MMP-2 activity, and increased the amount of immature muscle and collagen fibers during the muscle repair process following acute injury. Article Published Date : Feb 11, 2016

Abstract Title: A Systematic Review of Low-Level Light Therapy For Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcer. Abstract Source: Wound Repair Regen. 2016 Jan 7. Epub 2016 Jan 7. PMID: 26748691 Abstract Author(s): Catherine N Tchanque-Fossuo, Derek Ho, Sara E Dahle, Eugene Koo, Chin-Shang Li, R Rivkah Isseroff, Jared Jagdeo Article Affiliation: Catherine N Tchanque-Fossuo Abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant international health concern affecting more than 387 million individuals. A diabetic person has a 25% lifetime risk of developing a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), leading to limb amputation in up to one in six DFU patients. Low-level light therapy (LLLT) uses low-power lasers or light-emitting diodes to alter cellular function and molecular pathways, and may be a promising treatment for DFU. The goal of this systematic review is to examine whether the clinical use of LLLT is effective in the healing of DFU at 12 weeks and 20 weeks in comparison with the standard of care, and to provide evidence-based recommendation and future clinical guidelines for the treatment of DFU using LLLT. On September 30(th) 2015, we searched PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases using the following terms:"diabetic foot"AND"low level light therapy,"OR"light emitting diode,"OR"phototherapy,"OR"laser."The relevant articles that met the following criteria were selected for inclusion: randomized control trials (RCTs) that investigated the use of LLLT for treatment of DFU. Four RCTs involving 131 participants were suitable for inclusion based upon our criteria. The clinical trials used sham irriadiation, low dose, or non-therapeutic LLLT as placebo or control in comparison to LLLT. The endpoints included ulcer size and time to complete healing with follow-up ranging from 2 weeks to 16 weeks. Each article was assigned a level of evidence (LOE) and graded according to the Oxford Center for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence Grades of Recommendation criteria. Limitations of reviewed RCTs include a small sample size (N<100), unclear allocation concealment, lack of screening phase to exclude rapid healers, unclear inclusion/exclusion criteria, short (<30 days) follow-up period, and unclear treatment settings (wavelength and treatment time). However, all reviewed RCTs demonstrated therapeutic outcomes with no adverse events using LLLT for treatment of DFU. This systematic review reports that LLLT has significant potential to become a portable, minimally invasive, easy-to-use, and cost effective modality for treatment of DFU. To enthusiastically recommend LLLT for treatment of DFU, additional studies with comparable laser parameters, screening period to exclude rapid healers, larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods are required. We envision future stringent RCTs may validate LLLT for treatment of DFU. Systematic review registration number: PROSPERO CRD42015029825. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Article Published Date : Jan 06, 2016

Abstract Title: In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of combined therapy of silver nanoparticles and visible blue light against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Abstract Source: Int J Nanomedicine. 2016 ;11:1749-58. Epub 2016 Apr 27. PMID: 27175075 Abstract Author(s): Suzanne Nour El Din, Tarek A El-Tayeb, Khaled Abou-Aisha, Mohamed El-Azizi Article Affiliation: Suzanne Nour El Din Abstract: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been used as potential antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens. We investigated the possible therapeutic use of AgNPs in combination with visible blue light against a multidrug resistant clinical isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in vivo. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs against P. aeruginosa (1×10(5) colony forming unit/mL) was investigated at its minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and sub-MIC, alone and in combination with blue light at 460 nm and 250 mW for 2 hours. The effect of this combined therapy on the treated bacteria was then visualized using transmission electron microscope. The therapy was also assessed in the prevention of biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa on AgNP-impregnated gelatin biopolymer discs. Further, in vivo investigations were performed to evaluate the efficacy of the combined therapy to prevent burn-wound colonization and sepsis in mice and, finally, to treat a real infected horse with antibiotic-unresponsive chronic wound. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs and visible blue light was significantly enhanced (P<0.001) when both agents were combined compared to each agent alone when AgNPs were tested at MIC, 1/2, or 1/4 MIC. Transmission electron microscope showed significant damage to the cells that were treated with the combined therapy compared to other cells that received either the AgNPs or blue light. In addition, the combined treatment significantly (P<0.001) inhibited biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa on gelatin discs compared to each agent individually. Finally, the combined therapy effectively treated a horse suffering from a chronic wound caused by mixed infection, where signs of improvement were observed after 1 week, and the wound completely healed after 4 weeks. To our knowledge, this combinatorial therapy has not been investigated before. It was proved efficient and promising in managing infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria and could be used as an alternative to conventional antibiotic therapy. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2015

Abstract Title: A combination of silver nanoparticles and visible blue light enhances the antibacterial efficacy of ineffective antibiotics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Abstract Source: Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2016 ;15(1):48. Epub 2016 Aug 17. PMID: 27530257 Abstract Author(s): Fatma Elzahraa Akram, Tarek El-Tayeb, Khaled Abou-Aisha, Mohamed El-Azizi Article Affiliation: Fatma Elzahraa Akram Abstract: BACKGROUND: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are potential antimicrobials agents, which can be considered as an alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria. The antimicrobial effects of double and triple combinations of AgNPs, visible blue light, and the conventional antibiotics amoxicillin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, linezolid, and vancomycin, against ten clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were investigated. METHODS: The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs, applied in combination with blue light, against selected isolates of MRSA was investigated at 1/2-1/128 of its minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) in 24-well plates. The wells were exposed to blue light source at 460 nm and 250 mW for 1 h using a photon emitting diode. Samples were taken at different time intervals, and viable bacterial counts were determined. The double combinations of AgNPs and each of the antibiotics were assessed by the checkerboard method. The killing assay was used to test possible synergistic effects when blue light was further combined to AgNPs and each antibiotic at a time against selected isolates of MRSA. RESULTS: The bactericidal activity of AgNPs, at sub-MIC, and blue light was significantly (p < 0.001) enhanced when both agents were applied in combination compared to each agent alone. Similarly, synergistic interactions were observed when AgNPs were combined with amoxicillin, azithromycin, clarithromycin or linezolid in 30-40 % of the double combinations with no observed antagonistic interaction against the tested isolates. Combination of the AgNPs with vancomycin did not result in enhanced killing against all isolates tested. The antimicrobial activity against MRSA isolates was significantly enhanced in triple combinations of AgNPs, blue light and antibiotic, compared to treatments involving one or two agents. The bactericidal activities were highest when azithromycin or clarithromycin was included in the triple therapy compared to the other antibiotics tested. CONCLUSIONS: A new strategy can be used to combat serious infections caused by MRSA by combining AgNPs, blue light, and antibiotics. This triple therapy may include antibiotics, which have been proven to be ineffective against MRSA. The suggested approach would be useful to face the fast-growing drug-resistance with the slow development of new antimicrobial agents, and to preserve last resort antibiotics such as vancomycin. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2015

Abstract Title: Blue light emitting diode induces apoptosis in lymphoid cells by stimulating autophagy. Abstract Source: Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2016 Jan ;70:13-22. Epub 2015 Nov 10. PMID: 26555754 Abstract Author(s): Phil-Sun Oh, Hyosook Hwang, Hwan-Seok Jeong, Jeongil Kwon, Hyun-Soo Kim, Minjoo Kim, SeokTae Lim, Myung-Hee Sohn, Hwan-Jeong Jeong Article Affiliation: Phil-Sun Oh Abstract: The present study was performed to examine the induction of apoptotic cell death and autophagy by blue LED irradiation, and the contribution of autophagy to apoptosis in B cell lymphoma A20 and RAMOS cells exposed to blue LED. Irradiation with blue LED reduced cell viability and induced apoptotic cell death, as indicated by exposure of phosphatidylserine on the plasma outside membrane and fragmentation of DNA. Furthermore, the mitochondrial membrane potential increased, and apoptotic proteins (PARP, caspase 3, Bax, and bcl-2) were observed. In addition, the level of intracellular superoxide anion (O2(-)) gradually increased. Interestingly the formation of autophagosomes and level of LC3-II were increased in blue LED-irradiated A20 and RAMOS cells, but inhibited after pretreatment with 3-methyladenine (3-MA), widely used as an autophagy inhibitor. Inhibition of the autophagic process by pretreatment with 3-MA blocked blue LED irradiation-induced caspase-3 activation. Moreover, a significant reduction of both the early and late phases of apoptosis after transfection with ATG5 and beclin 1 siRNAs was shown by the annexin V/PI staining, indicating a crucial role of autophagy in blue LED-induced apoptosis in cells. Additionally, the survival rate of mice irradiated with blue LED after injection with A20 cells increased compared to the control group. Our data demonstrate that blue LED irradiation induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial-mediated pathway, in conjunction with autophagy. Further studies are needed to elucidate the precise mechanism of blue LED-induced immune cell death. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2015

Abstract Title: Photodynamic Therapy - A Non-invasive Treatment Modality for Precancerous Lesions. Abstract Source: J Lasers Med Sci. 2016 ;7(1):30-6. Epub 2016 Jan 7. PMID: 27330695 Abstract Author(s): Kotya Naik Maloth, Nagalaxmi Velpula, Srikanth Kodangal, Mithare Sangmesh, Kiran Vellamchetla, Sridevi Ugrappa, Nagajyothi Meka Article Affiliation: Kotya Naik Maloth Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Oral premalignant lesions are conditions having high potential tendency for transformation into malignancy. The use of a conservative and effective treatment modality is one of the best strategies for cancer prevention. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive method for topical and selective treatment of oral precancerous lesions. The present study was taken up to determine the efficacy of PDT in oral precancerous lesions. METHODS: The study consisted 13 patients with 24 oral leukoplakia (OL) lesions and 8 with 20 oral lichen planus (OLP) lesions, divided into control and study groups. These lesions were affecting various intraoral sites, the buccal mucosa being the most common site followed by tongue and gingiva. The treatment regimen of PDT included 98% 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) which is topical applied and irradiated with light emitting diode (LED) of 420 nm wavelengths at several sessions. RESULTS: In OL 16.6% of cases showed complete response, 66.6% partial response and 16.6% no response of the lesions to the treatment. In OLP 80% and 20% of the lesions showed partial and no response respectively. The differences with control groups for OL + OLP were found to be significant (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the present study, we can conclude that PDT appears to be a feasible alternative to conventional therapy for oral premalignant lesions. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2015

Abstract Title: Effects of low-dose light-emitting-diode therapy in combination with water bath for atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Abstract Source: Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2016 Jan ;32(1):34-43. Epub 2015 Nov 6. PMID: 26479265 Abstract Author(s): Chang-Hyun Kim, Kyung Ah Cheong, Won Suk Lim, Hyung-Moo Park, Ai-Young Lee Article Affiliation: Chang-Hyun Kim Abstract: BACKGROUND: Light-emitting diode (LED) phototherapy and water bath therapy have beneficial effect on atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin disease. However, not all current treatments work well and alternative therapies are need. The contribution of combination therapy with low-dose 850 nm LED and water bath was investigated on dermatophagoides farina (Df)-induced dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. METHODS: Low-dose LED (10, 15, and 20 J/cm(2) ) irradiation, water bath (36± 1°C) were administered separately and together to the Df-induced NC/Nga mice in acrylic jar once a day for 2 weeks. RESULTS: Combined therapy with low-dose LED therapy and water bath therapy significantly ameliorated the development of AD-like skin lesions. These effects were correlated with the suppression of total IgE, NO, histamine, and Th2-mediated immune responses. Furthermore, combination therapy significantly reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the induction of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in the skin lesions. The beneficial therapeutic effects of this combination therapy might regulate by the inhibition of various immunological responses including Th2-mediated immune responses, inflammatory mediators such as IgE, histamine, and NO, as well as inflammatory cells. CONCLUSIONS: The combination therapy of LED and water bath might be used as an efficacious, safe, and steroid-free alternative therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2015

Abstract Title: Effects of low-intensity non-coherent light therapy on the inflammatory process in the calcaneal tendon of ovariectomized rats. Abstract Source: Lasers Med Sci. 2016 Jan ;31(1):33-40. Epub 2015 Oct 27. PMID: 26507001 Abstract Author(s): Carla Helrigle, Paulo deTarso Camilo de Carvalho, Heliodora Leão Casalechi, Ernesto Cesar Pinto Leal-Junior, Guilherme Henrique Cardoso Fernandes, Panmera Almeida Helrigel, Rogério Leão Rabelo, Ivo de Oliveira Aleixo-Junior, Flavio Aimbire, Regiane Albertini Article Affiliation: Carla Helrigle Abstract: The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the effects of low-intensity light-emitting diode (LED) phototherapy on the inflammatory process in the calcaneal tendon of ovariectomized rats (OVX) through the involvement of the inflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Thirty-five female Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: 3 groups of OVX rats totaling 30 rats (untreated OVX rats [OVX injury group], treated OVX rats [OVX LED group], and control OVX rats; subgroups existed based on the sampling times, which were 3, 7, and 14 days) and 1 group of non-OVX rats (not OVX; n = 5). Tendon injury was induced by trauma using a 208-g mass placed at 20 cm from the right tendon of each animal with energy of 0.70 J. The animals were treated 12 h after tendonitis with LED therapy and every 48 h thereafter until euthanasia (at 3, 7, or 14 days). The tendons were dissected and stored in liquid nitrogen at -196 °C, thawed only at the time of immunoenzymatic testing (ELISA). Groups treated with LED showed a decrease in the number of pro-inflammatory cells, IL-6, and TNF-α (p<0.05), and an increase in IL-10 (p < 0.05) when compared to the not OVX group (p < 0.05). It was concluded that low-intensity LED treatment using the parameters and wavelength of 945 nm in the time periods studied reduced the release of IL-6 and TNF-α and increased the release of IL-10, thereby improving the inflammatory response in OVX rats. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2015

Abstract Title: Adjunctive 830 nm light-emitting diode therapy can improve the results following aesthetic procedures. Abstract Source: Laser Ther. 2015 Dec 30 ;24(4):277-89. PMID: 26877592 Abstract Author(s): R Glen Calderhead, Won-Serk Kim, Toshio Ohshiro, Mario A Trelles, David B Vasily Article Affiliation: R Glen Calderhead Abstract: BACKGROUND: Aggressive, or even minimally aggressive, aesthetic interventions are almost inevitably followed by such events as discomfort, erythema, edema and hematoma formation which could lengthen patient downtime and represent a major problem to the surgeon. Recently, low level light therapy with light-emitting diodes (LED-LLLT) at 830 nm has attracted attention in wound healing indications for its anti-inflammatory effects and control of erythema, edema and bruising. RATIONALE: The wavelength of 830 nm offers deep penetration into living biological tissue, including bone. A new-generation of 830 nm LEDs, based on those developed in the NASA Space Medicine Laboratory, has enabled the construction of planar array-based LED-LLLT systems with clinically useful irradiances. Irradiation with 830 nm energy has been shown in vitro and in vivo to increase the action potential of epidermal and dermal cells significantly. The response of the inflammatory stage cells is enhanced both in terms of function and trophic factor release, and fibroblasts demonstrate superior collagenesis and elastinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: A growing body of clinical evidence is showing that applying 830 nm LED-LLLT as soon as possible post-procedure, both invasive and noninvasive, successfully hastens the resolution of sequelae associated with patient downtime in addition to significantly speeding up frank wound healing. This article reviews that evidence, and attempts to show that 830 nm LED-LLLT delivers swift resolution of postoperative sequelae, minimizes downtime and enhances patient satisfaction. Article Published Date : Dec 29, 2015

Abstract Title: Red Light Modulates Ultraviolet-Induced Gene Expression in the Epidermis of Hairless Mice. Abstract Source: Photomed Laser Surg. 2015 Oct ;33(10):498-503. Epub 2015 Sep 23. PMID: 26398729 Abstract Author(s): Max Myakishev-Rempel, Istvan Stadler, Oksana Polesskaya, Alifiya S Motiwala, Frances Barg Nardia, Benjamin Mintz, Ancha Baranova, James Zavislan, Raymond J Lanzafame Article Affiliation: Max Myakishev-Rempel Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether low-level light therapy (LLLT) was capable of modulating expression of ultraviolet (UV) light-responsive genes in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effects of 670 nm light-emitting diode (LED) array irradiation were investigated in a hairless SHK-1 mouse epidermis model. Mice were given a single dose of UVA/UVB light, or three doses of red light (670 nm @ 8 mW/cm(2) x 312 sec, 2.5 J/cm(2) per session) spread over 24 h along with combinations of pre- and post-UV treatment with red light. Levels of 14 UV-responsive mRNAs were quantified 24 h after UV irradiation by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS: The transcription of mRNAs encoding for cluster of differentiation molecule 11b (CD11b) (p < 0.05) and interferon (IFN)-γ (p < 0.012) increased after irradiation with red light alone, whereas expression level of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 (p < 0.02) was downregulated. Genes unresponsive to UV did not change their expression levels after exposure to red light either. Pretreatment with red light significantly modified response of Fos to UV exposure (p < 0.01). A synergy of UV and post-treatment with red light in reducing the transcription levels of CD11b (p < 0.05) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (p < 0.05) was observed. CONCLUSIONS: This is an initial observation that in mouse red light LLLT more often than not causes opposite gene expression changes or reduces those caused by moderate UVA-UVB irradiation. Article Published Date : Sep 30, 2015

Abstract Title: The relative antimicrobial effect of blue 405 nm LED and blue 405 nm laser on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. Abstract Source: Lasers Med Sci. 2015 Sep 11. Epub 2015 Sep 11. PMID: 26362142 Abstract Author(s): Daniela Santos Masson-Meyers, Violet Vakunseh Bumah, Gabriel Biener, Valerica Raicu, Chukuka Samuel Enwemeka Article Affiliation: Daniela Santos Masson-Meyers Abstract: It has long been argued that light from a laser diode is superior to light from a light-emitting diode (LED) in terms of its effect on biological tissues. In order to shed light on this ongoing debate, we compared the antimicrobial effect of light emitted from a 405-nm LED with that of a 405-nm laser on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at comparable fluences. We cultured 5 × 10(6) CFU/ml MRSA on tryptic soy agar and then irradiated culture plates once, twice, or thrice with either LED or laser light using 40, 54, 81, or 121 J/cm(2) fluence at 15-, 30-, or 240-min time interval between irradiation. Cultures were incubated immediately after irradiation at 37 °C for 24 h before imaging and counting remnant bacterial colonies. Regardless of the device used, LED or laser, irradiation at each fluence resulted in statistically significant bacterial growth suppression compared to non-irradiated controls (p < 0.0001). The antimicrobial effect of both light sources, LED and laser, was not statistically different at each fluence in 35 of the 36 experimental trials. Bacterial growth suppression achieved with either source of light increased with repeated irradiation, particularly at the 15- or 30-min treatment time interval. Thus, we conclude that the antimicrobial effect of 405-nm laser and 405-nm LED on MRSA is similar; neither has a superior antimicrobial effect when compared to the other. Article Published Date : Sep 10, 2015

Abstract Title: Light-emitting diode therapy in exercise-trained mice increases muscle performance, cytochrome c oxidase activity, ATP and cell proliferation. Abstract Source: J Biophotonics. 2015 Sep ;8(9):740-54. Epub 2014 Nov 6. PMID: 25378263 Abstract Author(s): Cleber Ferraresi, Nivaldo Antonio Parizotto, Marcelo Victor Pires de Sousa, Beatriz Kaippert, Ying-Ying Huang, Tomoharu Koiso, Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato, Michael R Hamblin Article Affiliation: Cleber Ferraresi Abstract: Light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) applied over the leg, gluteus and lower-back muscles of mice using a LED cluster (630 nm and 850 nm, 80 mW/cm(2) , 7.2 J/cm(2) ) increased muscle performance (repetitive climbing of a ladder carrying a water-filled tube attached to the tail), ATP and mitochondrial metabolism; oxidative stress and proliferative myocyte markers in mice subjected to acute and progressive strength training. Six bi-daily training sessions LEDT-After and LEDT-Before-After regimens more than doubled muscle performance and increased ATP more than tenfold. The effectiveness of LEDT on improving muscle performance and recovery suggest applicability for high performance sports and in training programs. Positioning of the mice and light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) applied on mouse legs, gluteus and lower-back muscles without contact. Article Published Date : Aug 31, 2015

Abstract Title: HMME combined with green light-emitting diode irradiation results in efficient apoptosis on human tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Abstract Source: Lasers Med Sci. 2015 Sep ;30(7):1941-8. Epub 2015 Jul 26. PMID: 26210547 Abstract Author(s): Xingqiang Lai, Fen Ning, Xiuwen Xia, Dujuan Wang, Lin Tang, Jiang Hu, Junchao Wu, Jianzhong Liu, Xiaoyuan Li Article Affiliation: Xingqiang Lai Abstract: Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) is a novel and promising porphyrin-related photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT). This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and potential mechanism of HMME-PDT under irradiation of green light-emitting diode (LED) with wavelength of 530 ± 20 nm in treating human tongue squamous cell carcinoma Tca8113 cells in vitro. The HMME concentrations were 1.25, 2.5, and 5 μg/ml while the energy densities were 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, and 3.0 J/cm(2). MTT assay demonstrated that HMME-PDT significantly inhibited the proliferation of Tca8113 cells, and the cytotoxicity was improved with increased HMME concentration and light intensity. The amount of cells decreased significantly and the morphology of cells changed drastically after HMME-PDT. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that HMME-PDT induced both apoptosis and necrosis, but apoptosis was the main form of cell death. Apoptotic morphology was confirmed by Hoechst 33342 staining. Laser scanning confocal microscopy observation showed that HMME was mainly localized in mitochondria. The production of intracellular reactive oxygen species increased remarkably after PDT treatment, and both sodium azide (the singlet oxygen quencher) and D-mannitol (the hydroxyl radical scavenger) could protect Tca8113 cells from death induced by HMME-PDT. Additionally, the activity of caspase-3 also increased markedly in treated groups, and the cell death could be rescued by a reversible inhibitor (Ac-DEVD-CHO) of caspase-3. These results demonstrated that HMME combined with green LED significantly induced apoptosis of Tca8113 cells, suggesting that HMME-PDT using green LED might be a potential therapeutic strategy for human tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Article Published Date : Aug 31, 2015

Abstract Title: Phototherapy with blue and green mixed-light is as effective against unconjugated jaundice as blue light and reduces oxidative stress in the Gunn rat model. Abstract Source: Early Hum Dev. 2015 Jul ;91(7):381-5. Epub 2015 May 15. PMID: 25984653 Abstract Author(s): Yumiko Uchida, Yukihiro Morimoto, Takao Uchiike, Tomoyuki Kamamoto, Tamaki Hayashi, Ikuyo Arai, Toshiya Nishikubo, Yukihiro Takahashi Article Affiliation: Yumiko Uchida Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Phototherapy using blue light-emitting diodes (LED) is effective against neonatal jaundice. However, green light phototherapy also reduces unconjugated jaundice. We aimed to determine whether mixed blue and green light can relieve jaundice with minimal oxidative stress as effectively as either blue or green light alone in a rat model. METHODS: Gunn rats were exposed to phototherapy with blue (420-520 nm), filtered blue (FB; 440-520 nm without<440-nm wavelengths, FB50 (half the irradiance of filtered blue), mixed (filtered 50% blue and 50% green), and green (490-590 nm) LED irradiation for 24h. The effects of phototherapy are expressed as ratios of serum total (TB) and unbound (UB) bilirubin before and after exposure to each LED. Urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was measured by HPLC before and after exposure to each LED to determine photo-oxidative stress. RESULTS: Values<1.00 indicate effective phototherapy. The ratios of TB and UB were decreased to 0.85, 0.89, 1.07, 0.90, and 1.04, and 0.85, 0.94, 0.93, 0.89, and 1.09 after exposure to blue, filtered blue, FB50, and filtered blue mixed with green LED, respectively. In contrast, urinary 8-OHdG increased to 2.03, 1.25, 0.96, 1.36, 1.31, and 1.23 after exposure to blue, filtered blue, FB50, mixed, green LED, and control, indicating side-effects (>1.00), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Blue plus green phototherapy is as effective as blue phototherapy and it attenuates irradiation-induced oxidative stress. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Combined blue and green spectra might be effective against neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Article Published Date : Jun 30, 2015

Abstract Title: A new LED device used for photodynamic therapy in treatment of moderate to severe Acne vulgaris. Abstract Source: Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2015 Jun 23. Epub 2015 Jun 23. PMID: 26116283 Abstract Author(s): Yiyun Dong, Guoyu Zhou, Jinan Chen, Lingyue Shen, Zhao Jianxin, Qing Xu, Yulan Zhu Article Affiliation: Yiyun Dong Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the efficacy and safety of a newly designed LED device used in photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy of moderate to severe acne vulgaris in Chinese patients. METHODS: Forty-six patients with moderate to severe facial acne showing high degrees of fluorescence by ultraviolet light examination were illuminated during ALA-PDT with two wavelengths of light (543-548nm, and 630± 6nm, respectively) after 2h of incubation with ALA. Each patient received treatment once every 30 days for two or three sessions. Two independent investigators assigned an acne severity score at baseline, one week after each treatment, as well as 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the completion of treatment. Adverse effects were recorded during and after each treatment. All patients rated their satisfaction with the results of treatment at a 12-week follow up visit. RESULTS: The ALA-PDL treatment regimen showed an overall effectiveness rate of 89.13% (41/46 patients). Some degree of clinical efficacy was seen in 71.42%, 86.67%, and 95.83% of patients with grades IV, V, and VI acne, respectively, and the rate of clinical effectiveness increased with increasing acne severity. When compared with baseline scores, significant reductions in acne scores were obtained at 8, and 12 weeks after completion of treatment. Maximum efficacy was shown at the 12 week follow up. No severe adverse events were observed. CONCLUSION: ALA-PDT administered with the newly designed LED device was an effective treatment for moderate to severe acne vulgaris, and side effects were mild and reversible. Article Published Date : Jun 22, 2015

Abstract Title: Light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) before matches prevents increase in creatine kinase with a light dose response in volleyball players. Abstract Source: Lasers Med Sci. 2015 May ;30(4):1281-7. Epub 2015 Feb 27. PMID: 25722067 Abstract Author(s): Cleber Ferraresi, Ricardo Vinicius Dos Santos, Guilherme Marques, Marcelo Zangrande, Roberley Leonaldo, Michael R Hamblin, Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato, Nivaldo Antonio Parizotto Article Affiliation: Cleber Ferraresi Abstract: Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) has been applied over skeletal muscles before intense exercise (muscular pre-conditioning) in order to reduce fatigue and muscle damage (measured by creatine kinase, CK) in clinical trials. However, previous exercise protocols do not exactly simulate the real muscle demand required in sports. For this reason, the aim of this randomized and double-blind placebo-controlled trial was to investigate whether light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) applied over the quadriceps femoris muscles, hamstrings, and triceps surae of volleyball players before official matches could prevent muscle damage (CK) with a dose response, establishing a therapeutic window. A professional male volleyball team (12 athletes) was enrolled in this study, and LEDT was applied before 4 matches during a national championship. LEDT used an array of 200 light-emitting diodes (LEDs) arranged in 25 clusters of 4 infrared LEDs (850 ± 20 nm; 130 mW) and 25 clusters of 4 red LEDs (630 ± 10 nm; 80 mW). Athletes were randomized to receive one of four different total doses over each muscle group in a double-blind protocol: 105 J (20 s), 210 J (40 s), 315 J (60 s), and placebo (no light for 30 s). CK in blood was assessed1 h before and 24 h after each match. LEDT at 210 J avoided significant increases in CK (+10 %; P = 0.993) as well as 315 J (+31 %, P = 0.407). Placebo (0 J) allowed a significant increase in CK (+53 %; P = 0.012) as well as LEDT at 105 J (+59 %; P = 0.001). LEDT prevented significant increases of CK in blood in athletes when applied before official matches with a light dose response of 210-315 J, suggesting athletes might consider applying LEDT before competition. Article Published Date : Apr 30, 2015

Abstract Title: Light-emitting diode irradiation promotes donor site wound healing of the free gingival graft. Abstract Source: J Periodontol. 2015 May ;86(5):674-81. Epub 2015 Jan 29. PMID: 25630628 Abstract Author(s): Chen-Ying Wang, Sheng-Chueh Tsai, Min-Chen Yu, Yu-Fang Lin, Chih-Cheng Chen, Po-Chun Chang Article Affiliation: Chen-Ying Wang Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study aims to evaluate the effect of light-emitting diode (LED) light irradiation on the donor wound site of the free gingival graft. METHODS: Rat gingival fibroblasts were chosen to assess the cellular activities and in vitro wound healing with 0 to 20 J/cm(2) LED light irradiation. Seventy-two Sprague-Dawley rats received daily 0, 10 (low-dose [LD]), or 20 (high-dose [HD]) J/cm(2) LED light irradiation on the opened palatal wound and were euthanized after 4 to 28 days; the healing pattern was assessed by histology, histochemistry for collagen deposition, and immunohistochemistry for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α infiltration. The wound mRNA levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), TNF-α, the receptor for advanced glycation end products, vascular endothelial growth factor, periostin, Type I collagen, and fibronectin were also evaluated. RESULTS: Cellular viability and wound closure were significantly promoted, and cytotoxicity was inhibited significantly using 5 J/cm(2) LED light irradiation in vitro. The wound closure, reepithelialization, and collagen deposition were accelerated, and sequestrum formation and inflammatory cell and TNF-α infiltration were significantly reduced in the LD group. HO-1 and TNF-α were significantly upregulated in the HD group, and most of the repair-associated genes were significantly upregulated in both the LD and HD groups at day 7. Persistent RAGE upregulation was noted in both the LD and HD groups until day 14. CONCLUSION: LED light irradiation at 660 nm accelerated palatal wound healing, potentially via reducing reactive oxygen species production, facilitating angiogenesis, and promoting provisional matrix and wound reorganization. Article Published Date : Apr 30, 2015

Abstract Title: Low-cost home-use light-emitting-diode phototherapy as an alternative to conventional methods. Abstract Source: J Trop Pediatr. 2015 Apr ;61(2):113-8. Epub 2015 Jan 23. PMID: 25617633 Abstract Author(s): Aygen Yilmaz, Servet Ozkiraz, Abdullah Baris Akcan, Murat Canpolat Article Affiliation: Aygen Yilmaz Abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to evaluate whether a portable, light-weight, light-emitting-diode phototherapy unit designed for home use is as effective as conventional blue-light fluorescent phototherapy (CFP) for treating hyperbilirubinemia in neonates. METHODS: A total of 50 patients were recruited sequentially for treatment using CFP (n = 25) and the home-type phototherapy unit (n = 25). RESULTS: The average rate of decrease in bilirubin levels was 0.17± 0.02 and 0.20 ± 0.01 mg/dL/hours at the end of 24 hours in the groups receiving phototherapy by CFP and home-type phototherapy units, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of the decrease in bilirubin levels between the groups (p = 0.104). CONCLUSIONS: It has been shown that the home-type phototherapy unit is as effective as CFP units in the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and has the potential to become a standard of care for treatment of jaundiced neonates. Article Published Date : Mar 31, 2015

Abstract Title: Lethal effect of blue light-activated hydrogen peroxide, curcumin and erythrosine as potential oral photosensitizers on the viability of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Abstract Source: Laser Ther. 2015 Mar 31 ;24(2):103-11. PMID: 26246690 Abstract Author(s): Zakeri Mahdi, Ghanbari Habiboallh, Naderi Nasab Mahbobeh, Zareian Jahromi Mina, Zakeri Majid, Arjmand Nooshin Article Affiliation: Zakeri Mahdi Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Recently, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been introduced as a new modality in oral bacterial decontamination. Current research aims to evaluate the effect of photodynamic killing of visible blue light in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, curcumin and erythrosine as potential oral photosensitizers on Porphyromonas gingivalis associated with periodontal bone loss and Fusobacterium nucleatum associated with soft tissue inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standard suspension of P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum were exposed to Light Emitting Diode (LED) (440-480 nm) in combination with erythrosine (22µm), curcumin (60 µM) and hydrogen peroxide (0.3 mM) for 5 min. Bacterial samples from each treatment groups (radiation-only group, photosensitizer-only group and blue light-activated photosensitizer group) were subcultured onto the surface of agar plates. Survival of these bacteria was determinedby counting the number of colony forming units (CFU) after incubation. RESULTS: RESULTS for antibacterial assays on P. gingivalis confirmed that curcumin, Hydrogen peroxide and erythrosine alone exerted a moderate bactericidal effect which enhanced noticeably in conjugation with visible light. The survival rate of P. gingivalis reached zero present when the suspension exposed to blue light-activated curcumin and hydrogen peroxide for 2 min. Besides, curcumin exerted a remarkable antibacterial activity against F. nucleatum in comparison with erythrosine and hydrogen peroxide (P=0.00). Furthermore, the bactericidal effect of visible light alone on P. gingivalis as black-pigmented bacteria was significant. CONCLUSION: Our result suggested that visible blue light in the presence of erythrosine, curcumin and hydrogen peroxide would be consider as a potential approach of PDT to kill the main gramnegative periodontal pathogens. From a clinical standpoint, this regimen could be established as an additional minimally invasive antibacterial treatment of plaque induced periodontal pathologies. Article Published Date : Mar 30, 2015

Abstract Title: Vascular regeneration effect of adipose-derived stem cells with light-emitting diode phototherapy in ischemic tissue. Abstract Source: Lasers Med Sci. 2015 Feb ;30(2):533-41. Epub 2015 Jan 8. PMID: 25567209 Abstract Author(s): In-Su Park, Arindam Mondal, Phil-Sang Chung, Jin Chul Ahn Article Affiliation: In-Su Park Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects on the vascular regeneration of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) by using red light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation in ischemic hind limbs. Low-level light therapy (LLLT) has been shown to enhance proliferation and cytokine secretion of a number of cells. ASCs are an attractive cell source for vascular tissue engineering. This approach is hindered because transplanted ASCs decline rapidly in the recipient tissue. Ischemic hind limbs were treated with LLLT from an LED array (660 nm) at an irradiance of 50 mW/cm(2) and a radiant exposure of 30 J/cm(2). LLLT, ASC transplantation, and ASC transplantation with LLLT (ASC + LLLT) were applied to ischemic limbs, and cell survival and differentiation, and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor of the ASCs were evaluated by immunostaining and Western blot analyses. Vascular regeneration was assessed by immunostaining and hematoxylin and eosin staining. In the ASC + LLLT group, the survival of ASCs was increased due to the decreased apoptosis of ASCs. The secretion of growth factors was stimulated in this group compared with ASCs alone. The ASC + LLLT group displayed improved treatment efficacy including neovascularization and tissue regeneration compared with ASCs alone. In particular, quantitative analysis of laser Doppler blood perfusion image ratio showed that blood perfusion was enhanced significantly (p < 0.05) by ASC + LLLT treatment. These data suggest that LLLT is an effective biostimulator of ASCs in vascular regeneration, which enhances the survival of ASCs and stimulates the secretion of growth factors in ischemic limbs. Article Published Date : Jan 31, 2015

Abstract Title: Phototherapy with LED light modulates healing processes in an in vitro scratch-wound model using 3 different cell types. Abstract Source: Dermatol Surg. 2015 Feb ;41(2):261-8. PMID: 25654197 Abstract Author(s): Andreas Teuschl, Elizabeth Rosado Balmayor, Heinz Redl, Martijn van Griensven, Peter Dungel Article Affiliation: Andreas Teuschl Abstract: BACKGROUND: An effective way of modulating wound healing processes, including proliferation and apoptosis, is low-level light therapy. Because of several disadvantages of lasers, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) could be more feasible light sources. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the effects of blue and red light from LEDs on different cell types in an in vitro scratch-wound model. METHODS: Monolayers of C2C12 myoblasts, NIH/3T3 fibroblasts, and BICR10 keratinocytes were injured by mechanical scraping. Cells were illuminated on 5 consecutive days for 10 minutes by LED at 470 or 630 nm. Effects of light on in vitro wound healing were evaluated by analyzing time to closure, proliferation, apoptosis, and necrosis rates. RESULTS: Illumination substantially affected cell viability and cell growth. Blue light strongly decreased proliferation and augmented apoptosis in all 3 cell types and increased necrosis rates in C2C12 and NIH/3T3 cells. In contrast, red light did not alter apoptosis in either cell type but promoted proliferation in all 3 cell types with significant effects in C2C12 and NIH/3T3 cells and shortened time to closure in all 3 cell types. CONCLUSION: Light-emitting diode light illumination could be a therapeutic option and positively affect wound healing processes. By choosing appropriate wavelengths, variable effects can be achieved. Article Published Date : Jan 31, 2015

Abstract Title: Effects of red laser, infrared, photodynamic therapy, and green LED on the healing process of third-degree burns: clinical and histological study in rats. Abstract Source: Lasers Med Sci. 2015 Jan ;30(1):421-8. Epub 2014 Nov 13. PMID: 25391372 Abstract Author(s): Maria Helena Chaves de Vasconcelos Catão, Cassiano Francisco Weege Nonaka, Ricardo Luiz Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, Patrícia Meira Bento, Roniery de Oliveira Costa Article Affiliation: Maria Helena Chaves de Vasconcelos Catão Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of red laser, infrared, photodynamic therapy, and green light-emitting diode (LED) on the healing process of skin burns through clinical and histopathologic analysis in rats. For this, 100 animals were randomly divided into five groups: G1-untreated control (CTR), G2-red laser (LVER), G3-infrared (LINF), G4-photodynamic therapy (PDT), and G5-green LED. Burn was induced on the dorsum of the rat and the treatment of the experimental groups was red light (10 J/cm(2), 10 s, 40 mW, andλ660 nm), infrared (10 J/cm(2), 10 s, 40 mW, and λ780 nm), green LED irradiation (60 J/cm(2), 10 s, λ520, and 550 nm), and photodynamic therapy (10 J/cm(2), 40 mW, and λ660 nm), the latter combined with methylene blue photosensitizer at concentration 0.5 μg/mL. Applications were performed dailyuntil day prior to sacrifice of the animal at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days with intraperitoneal anesthetic overdose. The specimens collected were clinically examined and soon after processed and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Picrosirius for analysis under light and polarized light microscopy, respectively. Animals treated with LVER, LINF, PDT (p < 0.001), and LED (p < 0.05) stimulated production and maturation of collagen, and increased the consumption of food and water compared to the CTR (p < 0.001). Laser λ660 nm and λ780 nm showed the largest wound reductions in all groups (p = 0.001). In conclusion, red laser, infrared, photodynamic therapy, and green LED favored the healing process of third-degree burns in rats. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2014

Abstract Title: Red Light Combined with Blue Light Irradiation Regulates Proliferation and Apoptosis in Skin Keratinocytes in Combination with Low Concentrations of Curcumin. Abstract Source: PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0138754. Epub 2015 Sep 18. PMID: 26382065 Abstract Author(s): Tianhui Niu, Yan Tian, Qing Cai, Qu Ren, Lizhao Wei Article Affiliation: Tianhui Niu Abstract: Curcumin is a widely known natural phytochemical from plant Curcuma longa. In recent years, curcumin has received increasing attention because of its capability to induce apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation as well as its anti-inflammatory properties in different cancer cells. However, the therapeutic benefits of curcumin are severely hampered due to its particularly low absorption via trans-dermal or oral bioavailability. Phototherapy with visible light is gaining more and more support in dermatological therapy. Red light is part of the visible light spectrum, which is able to deeply penetrate the skin to about 6 mm, and directly affect the fibroblast of the skin dermis. Blue light is UV-free irradiation which is fit for treating chronic inflammation diseases. In this study, we show that curcumin at low concentrations (1.25-3.12μM) has a strong anti-proliferative effect on TNF-α-induced psoriasis-like inflammation when applied in combination with light-emitting-diode devices. The treatment was especially effective when LED blue light at 405 nm was combined with red light at 630 or 660 nm, which markedly amplified the anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects of curcumin. The experimental results demonstrated that this treatment reduced the viability of human skin keratinocytes, decreased cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, inhibited NF-κB activity and activated caspase-8 and caspase-9 while preserving the cell membrane integrity. Moreover, the combined treatment also down-regulated the phosphorylation level of Akt and ERK. Taken together, our results indicated that the combination of curcumin with LED blue light united red light irradiation can attain a higher efficiency of regulating proliferation and apoptosis in skin keratinocytes. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2014

Abstract Title: A randomized controlled study for the treatment of acne vulgaris using high-intensity 414 nm solid state diode arrays. Abstract Source: J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2015 ;17(4):170-6. Epub 2015 Feb 20. PMID: 25594129 Abstract Author(s): Caerwyn Ash, Anna Harrison, Samantha Drew, Rebecca Whittall Article Affiliation: Caerwyn Ash Abstract: The treatment of acne vulgaris poses a challenge to the dermatologist, and the disease causes emotional anxiety for the patient. The treatment of acne vulgaris may be well-suited to home-use applications, where sufferers may be too embarrassed to seek medical treatment. This randomized controlled study is designed to quantify the effectiveness of using a blue light device in a therapy combined with proprietary creams, in the investigation of a self-treatment regimen. A total of 41 adults with mild-to-moderate facial inflammatory acne were recruited. The subjects were randomly assigned to combination blue light therapy (n = 26) or control (n = 15). Photography was used for qualitative assessment of lesion counts, at weeks 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12. All subjects in the treatment cohort achieved a reduction in their inflammatory lesion counts after 12 weeks. The mean inflammatory lesion counts reduced by 50.02% in the treatment cohort, and increased by 2.45% in the control cohort. The reduction in inflammatory lesions was typically observable at week-3, and maximal between weeks 8 and 12. The treatment is free of pain and side-effects. The blue light device offers a valuable alternative to antibiotics and potentially irritating topical treatments. Blue light phototherapy, using a narrow-band LED light source, appears to be a safe and effective additional therapy for mild to moderate acne. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2014

Abstract Title: Effect of blue light emitting diodes on melanoma cells: involvement of apoptotic signaling. Abstract Source: J Photochem Photobiol B. 2015 Jan ;142:197-203. Epub 2014 Dec 12. PMID: 25550119 Abstract Author(s): Phil-Sun Oh, Kyung Suk Na, Hyosook Hwang, Hwan-Seok Jeong, SeokTae Lim, Myung-Hee Sohn, Hwan-Jeong Jeong Article Affiliation: Phil-Sun Oh Abstract: The present study was undertaken to examine whether blue LED irradiation induces cellular apoptosis in B16-F10 cells and whether it blocks the early growth of melanoma cells in mice. Irradiation with blue LED was observed to reduce cell viability and to induce apoptotic cell death, as accompanied by exposure of phosphatidylserine on the plasma outside membrane and an accumulation of a sub-G1 population. Furthermore, the mitochondrial membrane potential increased, and mitochondria-related apoptotic proteins (cytochrome c, caspase 3, and PARP) were observed. In addition, the level of intracellular superoxide anion (O2(-)) gradually increased. Interestingly the phosphorylation of p53 increased at earlier times under blue LED irradiation, but reduced after exposure for a longer time. Additionally, the thickness of the mice footpad injected with B16-F10 cells decreased significantly until the 9th day of blue LED irradiation, indicating the inhibition of the early growth rate of the melanoma cells. Our data demonstrate that blue LED irradiation induces apoptotic cell death by activating the mitochondria-mediated pathway and reduces the early growth rate of melanoma cells. Further studies are needed to elucidate the precise mechanism of blue LED in melanoma cells. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2014

Abstract Title: The effects of transcranial LED therapy (TCLT) on cerebral blood flow in the elderly women. Abstract Source: Lasers Med Sci. 2015 Jan ;30(1):339-46. Epub 2014 Oct 3. PMID: 25277249 Abstract Author(s): Afonso S I Salgado, Renato A Zângaro, Rodolfo B Parreira, Ivo I Kerppers Article Affiliation: Afonso S I Salgado Abstract: During aging processes, there is a range of functional changes, where we can highlight the disease related to the central nervous system, such as Alzheimer disease and others forms of dementia. This study investigated the effects of transcranial light emitting diode (LED) on cerebral blood flow in healthy elderly women analyzed by transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) of the right and left middle cerebral artery and basilar artery. Twenty-five noninstitutionalized elderly women (mean age 72 years old), with a cognitive status>24, were assessed using transcranial Doppler ultrasound on two separate occasions: pre-irradiation and post-transcranial LED therapy (TCLT). Prior to this, they answered two questionnaires: the perceived stress scale and the general health questionnaire. TCLT (627 nm, 70 mW/cm(2), 10 J/cm(2)) was performed at four points of the frontal and parietal region for 30 s each, totaling 120 s two times per week for 4 weeks. Paired t-test results showed that there was a significant improvement after TCLT with increase in the systolic and diastolic velocity of the left middle cerebral artery (25 and 30%, respectively) and basilar artery (up to 17 and 25%), as well as a decrease in the pulsatility index and resistance index values of the three cerebral arteries analyzed (p < 0.05). TCD parameters showed improvement in the blood flow on the arteries analyzed. TCLT promoted a blood and vasomotor behavior of the basilar and middle cerebral arteries in healthy elderly women. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2014

Abstract Title: Low Level Laser Therapy Reduces the Development of Lung Inflammation Induced by Formaldehyde Exposure. Abstract Source: PLoS One. 2015 ;10(11):e0142816. Epub 2015 Nov 16. PMID: 26569396 Abstract Author(s): Cristiane Miranda da Silva, Mayara Peres Leal, Robson Alexandre Brochetti, Tárcio Braga, Luana Beatriz Vitoretti, Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara, Amílcar Sabino Damazo, Ana Paula Ligeiro-de-Oliveira, Maria Cristina Chavantes, Adriana Lino-Dos-Santos-Franco Article Affiliation: Cristiane Miranda da Silva Abstract: Lung diseases constitute an important public health problem and its growing level of concern has led to efforts for the development of new therapies, particularly for the control of lung inflammation. Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) has been highlighted as a non-invasive therapy with few side effects, but its mechanisms need to be better understood and explored. Considering that pollution causes several harmful effects on human health, including lung inflammation, in this study, we have used formaldehyde (FA), an environmental and occupational pollutant, for the induction of neutrophilic lung inflammation. Our objective was to investigate the local and systemic effects of LLLT after FA exposure. Male Wistar rats were exposed to FA (1%) or vehicle (distillated water) during 3 consecutive days and treated or not with LLLT (1 and 5 hours after each FA exposure). Non-manipulated rats were used as control. 24 h after the last FA exposure, we analyzed the local and systemic effects of LLLT. The treatment with LLLT reduced the development of neutrophilic lung inflammation induced by FA, as observed by the reduced number of leukocytes, mast cells degranulated, and a decreased myeloperoxidase activity in the lung. Moreover, LLLT also reduced the microvascular lung permeability in the parenchyma and the intrapulmonary bronchi. Alterations on the profile of inflammatory cytokines were evidenced by the reduced levels of IL-6 and TNF-α and the elevated levels of IL-10 in the lung. Together, our results showed that LLLT abolishes FA-induced neutrophilic lung inflammation by a reduction of the inflammatory cytokines and mast cell degranulation. This study may provide important information about the mechanisms of LLLT in lung inflammation induced by a pollutant. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2014

Abstract Title: Organic light emitting diode improves diabetic cutaneous wound healing in rats. Abstract Source: Wound Repair Regen. 2015 Jan-Feb;23(1):104-14. Epub 2015 Mar 31. PMID: 25684653 Abstract Author(s): Xingjia Wu, Stephanie Alberico, Edward Saidu, Sazzadur Rahman Khan, Shijun Zheng, Rebecca Romero, Hyun Sik Chae, Sheng Li, Amane Mochizuki, Juanita Anders Article Affiliation: Xingjia Wu Abstract: A major complication for diabetic patients is chronic wounds due to impaired wound healing. It is well documented that visible red wavelengths can accelerate wound healing in diabetic animal models and patients. In vitro and in vivo diabetic models were used to investigate the effects of organic light emitting diode (OLED) irradiation on cellular function and cutaneous wound healing. Human dermal fibroblasts were cultured in hyperglycemic medium (glucose concentration 180 mM) and irradiated with an OLED (623 nm wavelength peak, range from 560 to 770 nm, power density 7 or 10 mW/cm2 at 0.2, 1, or 5 J/cm2). The OLED significantly increased total adenosine triphosphate concentration, metabolic activity, and cell proliferation compared with untreated controlsin most parameters tested. For the in vivo experiment, OLED and laser (635 ± 5 nm wavelength) treatments (10 mW/cm2 , 5 J/cm2 daily for a total of seven consecutive days) for cutaneous wound healing were compared using a genetic, diabetic rat model. Both treatments had significantly higher percentage of wound closure on day 6 postinjury and higher total histological scores on day 13 postinjury compared with control. No statistical difference was found between the two treatments. OLED irradiation significantly increased fibroblast growth factor-2 expression at 36-hour postinjury andenhanced macrophage activation during initial stages of wound healing. In conclusion, the OLED and laser had comparative effects on enhancing diabetic wound healing. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2014

Abstract Title: Effects of photodynamic therapy with blue light and curcumin as mouth rinse for oral disinfection: a randomized controlled trial. Abstract Source: Photomed Laser Surg. 2014 Nov ;32(11):627-32. Epub 2014 Oct 24. PMID: 25343373 Abstract Author(s): Diego Portes Vieira Leite, Fernanda Rossi Paolillo, Thiago Nogueira Parmesano, Carla Raquel Fontana, Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato Article Affiliation: Diego Portes Vieira Leite Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (a-PDT) with blue light and curcumin on oral disinfection during the 2 h after treatment. BACKGROUND DATA: a-PDT is a technique that can potentially affect the viability of bacterial cells, with selective action targeting only areas with photosensitizer accumulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was undertaken. Twenty-seven adults were randomly divided into three groups: (1) the PDT group, which was treated with the drug, curcumin, and blue light (n=9); (2) the light group, which was treated only with the blue light, and no drug (n=9) and; (3) the curcumin group, which was treated only with the drug, curcumin, and no light (n=9). The irradiation parameters were: blue light-emitting diode (LED) illumination (455±30 nm), 400 mW of average optical power, 5 min of application, illumination area of 0.6 cm(2), 600 mW/cm(2) of intensity, and 200 J/cm(2) of fluence. A curcumin concentration of 30 mg/L was used. The saliva samples were collected for bacterial counts at baseline and after the experimental phases (immediately after treatment, and 1 and 2 h after treatment). Serial dilutions were performed, and the resulting samples were cultured on blood agar plates in microaerophilic conditions. The number of colony-forming units (CFU) was determined. RESULTS: The PDT group showed a significant reduction of CFU immediately after treatment (post-treatment) with PDT (5.71±0.48, p=0.001), and 1 h (5.14±0.92, p=0.001) and 2 h (5.35±0.76, p=0.001) after treatment, compared with pretreatment (6.61±0.82). There were no significant changes for the light group. The curcumin group showed a significant increase of CFU 1 h after treatment (6.77±0.40, p=0.02) compared with pretreatment (5.57±0.91) falling to baseline values at 2 h after treatment (5.58±0.70). CONCLUSIONS: The PDT group showed significant difference in microbial reduction (p<0.05) compared with both the light and curcumin groups until 2 h post-treatment. The new blue LED device for PDT using curcumin may be used for reduction of salivary microorganisms, leading to overall disinfection of the mouth (e.g., mucosa, tongue, and saliva), but new protocols should be explored. Article Published Date : Oct 31, 2014

Abstract Title: Phototherapy promotes healing of cutaneous wounds in undernourished rats. Abstract Source: An Bras Dermatol. 2014 Nov-Dec;89(6):899-904. PMID: 25387494 Abstract Author(s): Saulo Nani Leite, Thiago Antônio Moretti de Andrade, Daniela dos Santos Masson-Meyers, Marcel Nani Leite, Chukuka S Enwemeka, Marco Andrey Cipriani Frade Article Affiliation: Saulo Nani Leite Abstract: BACKGROUND: Various studies have shown that phototherapy promotes the healing of cutaneous wounds. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of phototherapy on healing of cutaneous wounds in nourished and undernourished rats. METHODS: Forty rats, 20 nourished plus 20 others rendered marasmus with undernourishment, were assigned to four equal groups: nourished sham, nourished Light Emitting Diode treated, undernourished sham and undernourished Light Emitting Diode treated. In the two treated groups, two 8-mm punch wounds made on the dorsum of each rat were irradiated three times per week with 3 J/cm2 sq cm of combined 660 and 890 nm light; wounds in the other groups were not irradiated. Wounds were evaluated with digital photography and image analysis, either on day 7 or day 14, with biopsies obtained on day 14 for histological studies. RESULTS: Undernourishment retarded the mean healing rate of the undernourished sham wounds (p<0.01), but not the undernourished Light emission diode treated wounds, which healed significantly faster (p<0.001) and as fast as the two nourished groups. Histological analysis showed a smaller percentage of collagen in the undernourished sham group compared with the three other groups, thus confirming our photographic image analysis data. CONCLUSION: Phototherapy reverses the adverse healing effects of undernourishment. Similar beneficial effects may be achieved in patients with poor nutritional status. Article Published Date : Oct 31, 2014

Abstract Title: Effect of light irradiation by light emitting diode on colon cancer cells. Abstract Source: Anticancer Res. 2014 Sep ;34(9):4709-16. PMID: 25202048 Abstract Author(s): Noriko Matsumoto, Kozo Yoshikawa, Mitsuo Shimada, Nobuhiro Kurita, Hirohiko Sato, Takashi Iwata, Jun Higashijima, Motoya Chikakiyo, Masaaki Nishi, Hideya Kashihara, Chie Takasu, Shohei Eto, Akira Takahashi, Masatake Akutagawa, Takahiro Emoto Article Affiliation: Noriko Matsumoto Abstract: BACKGROUND/AIM: Recent studies have demonstrated the efficacy of irradiation from light emitting diodes (LED) for wound healing, anti-inflammation and anticancer therapies. However, little is known about the effects of visible light in colon cancer cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biological response (including gene expression changes) of human colon cancer cells to different wavelengths of LED irradiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human colon cancer cells (HT29 or HCT116) were seeded onto laboratory dishes that were then put on LED irradiation equipment with a 465 nm-, 525 nm-, or 635 nm-LED. Irradiation at 15 or 30 mW was performed 10 min/day, each day for 5 days. The cell counting kit8 was then used to measure cell viability. Apoptosis and expression of several mRNAs (caspase, MAPK and autophagy pathway) in HT29 cultures irradiated with 465 nm LED were evaluated via AnnexinV/PI and RT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS: Viability of HT29 and HCT116 cells was lower in 465 nm-LED irradiated cultures than in control cultures, but viability of HT29 cells did not differ between control cultures and 525 nm-LED or 635 nm-LED irradiated cultures. Moreover, the expression of FAS, caspase-3, capase-8, and JUK were significantly higher in 465 nm-LED irradiated cultures than in control cultures, and expression of ERK1/2 and LC3 was lower in blue-irradiated cells. CONCLUSION: LED irradiation at 465 nm inhibited the proliferation of HT29 cells and of HCT116 cells. Notably, LED irradiation at 465 nm promoted apoptosis inHT29 cultures via the extrinsic apoptosis pathway and the MAPK pathway. Article Published Date : Aug 31, 2014

Abstract Title: Closure of chronic non healing ankle ulcer with low level laser therapy in a patient presenting with thalassemia intermedia: Case report. Abstract Source: Indian J Plast Surg. 2014 Sep-Dec;47(3):432-5. PMID: 25593435 Abstract Author(s): Snehil Dixit, Parul Raj Agrawal, Dinesh Kumari Sharma, Ravindra Pratap Singh Article Affiliation: Snehil Dixit Abstract: In this single case study, the possible effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) was explored in the form of light emitting diodes on a chronic non-healing wound of 6 months duration in an 18-year-old male patient suffering from thalassemia intermedia. After irradiation, with LLLT dosage of 17.3 J/cm(2) for 8 min for 2 weeks duration followed by proliferative dosage of 8.65-4.33 J/cm(2) for 4 min from 3(rd) week to 6(th) week for 2 min along with antibiotics vancomycin (15 mg/kg) and a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (1 g). Proliferation of healthy granulation tissue was observed with decrease in score of pressure ulcer scale with complete re-epithelialization eventually LLLT irradiation could be a novel method of treatment for chronic non-healing wound in a thalassemia intermedia patient and an useful adjunct to standard care of treatment of pressure ulcers. It is postulated that LED irradiation augments wound healing with an early closure and no recurrence at the irradiated site even after follow up of 6 months. Article Published Date : Aug 31, 2014

Abstract Title: Significant improvements in cognitive performance post-transcranial, red/near-infrared light-emitting diode treatments in chronic, mild traumatic brain injury: open-protocol study. Abstract Source: J Neurotrauma. 2014 Jun 1 ;31(11):1008-17. Epub 2014 May 8. PMID: 24568233 Abstract Author(s): Margaret A Naeser, Ross Zafonte, Maxine H Krengel, Paula I Martin, Judith Frazier, Michael R Hamblin, Jeffrey A Knight, William P Meehan, Errol H Baker Article Affiliation: Margaret A Naeser Abstract: This pilot, open-protocol study examined whether scalp application of red and near-infrared (NIR) light-emitting diodes (LED) could improve cognition in patients with chronic, mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Application of red/NIR light improves mitochondrial function (especially in hypoxic/compromised cells) promoting increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) important for cellular metabolism. Nitric oxide is released locally, increasing regional cerebral blood flow. LED therapy is noninvasive, painless, and non-thermal (cleared by the United States Food and Drug Administration [FDA], an insignificant risk device). Eleven chronic, mTBI participants (26-62 years of age, 6 males) with nonpenetrating brain injury and persistent cognitive dysfunction were treated for 18 outpatient sessions (Monday, Wednesday, Friday, for 6 weeks), starting at 10 months to 8 years post- mTBI (motor vehicle accident [MVA] or sports-related; and one participant, improvised explosive device [IED] blast injury). Four had a history of multiple concussions. Each LED cluster head (5.35 cm diameter, 500 mW, 22.2 mW/cm(2)) was applied for 10 min to each of 11 scalp placements (13 J/cm(2)). LEDs were placed on the midline from front-to-back hairline; and bilaterally on frontal, parietal, and temporal areas. Neuropsychological testing was performed pre-LED, and at 1 week, and 1 and 2 months after the 18th treatment. A significant linear trend was observed for the effect of LED treatment over time for the Stroop test for Executive Function, Trial 3 inhibition (p=0.004); Stroop, Trial 4 inhibition switching (p=0.003); California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT)-II, Total Trials 1-5 (p=0.003); and CVLT-II, Long Delay Free Recall (p=0.006). Participants reported improved sleep, and fewer post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, if present. Participants and family reported better ability to perform social, interpersonal, and occupational functions. These open-protocol data suggest that placebo-controlled studies are warranted. Article Published Date : May 31, 2014

Abstract Title: LED and laser photobiomodulation in the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis: experimental study in hamsters. Abstract Source: Clin Oral Investig. 2014 Apr ;18(3):1005-13. Epub 2013 Aug 15. PMID: 23949015 Abstract Author(s): Maria do Rosário Santos Freire, Rafael Freitas, Fábio Colombo, Alberto Valença, Aparecida Maria Cordeiro Marques, Viviane Almeida Sarmento Article Affiliation: Maria do Rosário Santos Freire Abstract: PURPOSE: This paper aims to evaluate the effects of laser (660 nm) and light-emitting diode (LED) (670 nm) irradiation in the cheek pouch mucosa of hamsters with oral mucositis (OM) induced by chemotherapy (Che) with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the preventive groups, the photobiomodulation was started 1 day before the drug administration and was performed every 48 h (Ia, IIa, Ib, and IIb). In the therapeutic groups (IIIa, IIIb, IVa, and IVb), the irradiations were started on the third day after the Che d(0) and was performed every 48 h. In both groups, animals were sacrificed 7 or 14 days after Che. In the positive control groups, the hamsters were subjected to Che but did not receive irradiation, and they were sacrificed in 7 days (Va) or 14 days (Vb). In the negative control groups, no procedures were done and the animals were sacrificed 7 days (Vc) or 14 days (Vd) after the experiment started. RESULTS: The results indicated loss of body mass, xerostomia, and alopecia in the animals subjected to Che and the healing of OM to different degrees after the photobiomodulation treatment. Histologically, the positive control and experimental groups showed inflammation, predominately with lymphocytes and plasma cells, which tended to diminish with time. Epithelial atrophy, hyperemia, fibroblast proliferation, and vascular congestion were also observed at those intervals. CONCLUSIONS: The best results were obtained from the preventive laser and LED photobiomodulation groups; both treatments were effective in diminishing the OM lesions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A noninvasive and effective method with sparse side effects of OM would be desirable for use in cancer centers around the world. Article Published Date : Mar 31, 2014

Abstract Title: Improved cognitive function after transcranial, light-emitting diode treatments in chronic, traumatic brain injury: two case reports. Abstract Source: Photomed Laser Surg. 2010 Dec 23. Epub 2010 Dec 23. PMID: 21182447 Abstract Author(s): Margaret A Naeser, Anita Saltmarche, Maxine H Krengel, Michael R Hamblin, Jeffrey A Knight Article Affiliation: 1 VA Boston Healthcare System , Boston, Massachusetts. Abstract: Abstract Objective: Two chronic, traumatic brain injury (TBI) cases, where cognition improved following treatment with red and near-infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs), applied transcranially to forehead and scalp areas, are presented. Background: Significant benefits have been reported following application of transcranial, low-level laser therapy (LLLT) to humans with acute stroke and mice with acute TBI. These are the first case reports documenting improved cognitive function in chronic, TBI patients treated with transcranial LED. Methods: Treatments were applied bilaterally and to midline sagittal areas using LED cluster heads [2.1″ diameter, 61 diodes (9 × 633 nm, 52 × 870 nm); 12-15 mW per diode; total power: 500 mW; 22.2 mW/cm(2); 13.3 J/cm(2) at scalp (estimated 0.4 J/cm(2) to cortex)]. Results: Seven years after closed-head TBI from a motor vehicle accident, Patient 1 began transcranial LED treatments. Pre-LED, her ability for sustained attention (computer work) lasted 20 min. After eight weekly LED treatments, her sustained attention time increased to 3 h. The patient performs nightly home treatments (5 years); if she stops treating for more than 2 weeks, she regresses. Patient 2 had a history of closed-head trauma (sports/military, and recent fall), and magnetic resonance imaging showed frontoparietal atrophy. Pre-LED, she was on medical disability for 5 months. After 4 months of nightly LED treatments at home, medical disability discontinued; she returned to working full-time as an executive consultant with an international technology consulting firm. Neuropsychological testing after 9 months of transcranial LED indicated significant improvement (+1, +2SD) in executive function (inhibition, inhibition accuracy) and memory, as well as reduction in post-traumatic stress disorder. If she stops treating for more than 1 week, she regresses. At the time of this report, both patients are continuing treatment. Conclusions: Transcranial LED may improve cognition, reduce costs in TBI treatment, and be applied at home. Controlled studies are warranted. Article Published Date : Dec 23, 2010

Abstract Title: Phototherapy in anti-aging and its photobiologic basics: a new approach to skin rejuvenation. Abstract Source: J Med Food. 2008 Jun;11(2):215-23. PMID: 17173579 Abstract Author(s): Mario A Trelles Article Affiliation: Instituto Médico Vilafortuny, Antoni de Gimbernat Foundation, Cambrils, Spain. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Abstract: Intrinsic aging and photoaging of the face are constantly ongoing, and eventually result in the typical "aged" face, with visible lines and wrinkles at rest, a variety of dyschromia and a tired, dull and lax epidermis over poorly organized elastotic dermal architecture characterized by many interfibrillary spaces. Both ablative and nonablative resurfacing have been reported as solutions, the former providing excellent results, but a long patient downtime, and the latter giving little or no downtime, but less-than-ideal results. In ablative resurfacing, the epidermis is removed and replaced with a "new" epidermis, whereas in the nonablative approach the epidermis is spared through some form of cooling. In both approaches, however, the goal is to create controlled amounts of thermal damage in the dermis to stimulate the wound healing process, thus generating a tighter, better organized, "younger" dermal matrix. A better approach might be to apply prevention, rather than the cure, and to treat subjects in their very early 20s, before even fine lines have begun to appear. This "photoanti-aging" approach could be achieved with the use of very low incident levels of photon energy to stimulate the skin cells, both epidermal and dermal, at cell-specific wavelengths based on the photobiological findings of the literature over the past two decades or so, in order to increase their resistance to the effects of chronological and photoaging. Lasers and IPL systems could be used, but are extremely expensive and therapist-intensive. A new generation of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has appeared as the result of a spin-off from the US NASA Space Medicine Program, which are much more powerful than the previous generation with quasimonochromatic outputs. These LEDs can offer target specificity to achieve photobiomodulated enhanced action potentials of the skin cells, in particular mast cells, macrophages, endotheliocytes, and fibroblasts, plus increases in local blood and lymphatic flow, in a noninvasive, athermal manner. New phototherapeutic LED-based systems have appeared to meet the need for a less-expensive but clinically useful light source to enable photoantiaging as a reality in clinical practice. Some studies proving the efficacy of LED therapy have already appeared, and based on their results LED therapy represents a potential new approach to prevention in anti-aging, so that further studies are warranted to prove its efficacy. Article Published Date : Jun 01, 2008

Abstract Title: A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, and split-face clinical study on LED phototherapy for skin rejuvenation: clinical, profilometric, histologic, ultrastructural, and biochemical evaluations and comparison of three different treatment settings. Abstract Source: J Photochem Photobiol B. 2007 Jul 27;88(1):51-67. Epub 2007 May 1. PMID: 17566756 Abstract Author(s): Seung Yoon Lee, Ki-Ho Park, Jung-Woo Choi, Jung-Kyun Kwon, Doo Rak Lee, Mi Sun Shin, Jee Sung Lee, Chung Eui You, Mi Youn Park Article Affiliation: Department of Dermatology, National Medical Center, 18-79, Euljiro 6-ga, Jung-ku, Seoul, Republic of Korea. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Abstract: Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are considered to be effective in skin rejuvenation. We investigated the clinical efficacy of LED phototherapy for skin rejuvenation through the comparison with three different treatment parameters and a control, and also examined the LED-induced histological, ultrastructural, and biochemical changes. Seventy-six patients with facial wrinkles were treated with quasimonochromatic LED devices on the right half of their faces. All subjects were randomly divided into four groups treated with either 830nm alone, 633nm alone, a combination of 830 and 633nm, or a sham treatment light, twice a week for four weeks. Serial photography, profilometry, and objective measurements of the skin elasticity and melanin were performed during the treatment period with a three-month follow-up period. The subject's and investigator's assessments were double-blinded. Skin specimens were evaluated for the histologic and ultrastructural changes, alteration in the status of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs), and the changes in the mRNA levels of IL-1ss, TNF-alpha, ICAM-1, IL-6 and connexin 43 (Cx43), by utilizing specific stains, TEM, immunohistochemistry, and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. In the results, objectively measured data showed significant reductions of wrinkles (maximum: 36%) and increases of skin elasticity (maximum: 19%) compared to baseline on the treated face in the three treatment groups. Histologically, a marked increase in the amount of collagen and elastic fibers in all treatment groups was observed. Ultrastructural examination demonstrated highly activated fibroblasts, surrounded by abundant elastic and collagen fibers. Immunohistochemistry showed an increase of TIMP-1 and 2. RT-PCR results showed the mRNA levels of IL-1ss, TNF-alpha, ICAM-1, and Cx43 increased after LED phototherapy whereas that of IL-6 decreased. This therapy was well-tolerated by all patients with no adverse effects. We concluded that 830 and 633nm LED phototherapy is an effective approach for skin rejuvenation. Article Published Date : Jul 27, 2007

Abstract Title: Evening exposure to blue light stimulates the expression of the clock gene PER2 in humans. Abstract Source: Eur J Neurosci. 2006 Feb ;23(4):1082-6. PMID: 16519674 Abstract Author(s): Christian Cajochen, Corinne Jud, Mirjam Münch, Szymon Kobialka, Anna Wirz-Justice, Urs Albrecht Article Affiliation: Christian Cajochen Abstract: We developed a non-invasive method to measure and quantify human circadian PER2 gene expression in oral mucosa samples and show that this gene oscillates in a circadian (= about a day) fashion. We also have the first evidence that induction of human PER2 expression is stimulated by exposing subjects to 2 h of light in the evening. This increase in PER2 expression was statistically significant in comparison to a non-light control condition only after light at 460 nm (blue) but not after light exposure at 550 nm (green). Our results indicate that the non-image-forming visual system is involved in human circadian gene expression. The demonstration of a functional circadian machinery in human buccal samples and its response to light opens the door for investigation of human circadian rhythms at the gene level and their associated disorders. Article Published Date : Jan 31, 2006