Abstract Title: Sun Exposure across the Life Course Significantly Modulates Early Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Course. Abstract Source: Front Neurol. 2018 ;9:16. Epub 2018 Feb 1. PMID: 29449827 Abstract Author(s): Steve Simpson, Ingrid van der Mei, Robyn M Lucas, Anne-Louise Ponsonby, Simon Broadley, Leigh Blizzard, , Bruce Taylor Article Affiliation: Steve Simpson Abstract: Background: Low vitamin D and/or sun exposure have been associated with increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) onset. However, comparatively, few studies have prospectively examined associations between these factors and clinical course. Objectives: To evaluate the association of sun exposure parameters and vitamin D levels with conversion to MS and relapse risk in a prospectively monitored cohort of 145 participants followed after a first demyelinating event up to 5-year review (AusLong Study). Methods: Sun exposure prior to and after onset measured by annual questionnaire; ultraviolet radiation (UVR)"load"estimated by location of residence over the life course and ambient UVR levels. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations measured at baseline, 2/3-year, and 5-year review. MS conversion and relapse assessed by neurologist assessment and medical record review. Results: Over two-thirds (69%) of those followed to 5-year review (100/145) converted to MS, with a total of 252 relapses. Higher pre-MS onset sun exposure was associated with reduced risk of MS conversion, with internal consistency between measures and dose-response relationships. Analogous associations were also seen with risk of relapse, albeit less strong. No consistent associations were observed between postonset sun exposure and clinical course, however. Notably, those who increased their sun exposure during follow-up had significantly reduced hazards of MS conversion and relapse. Serum 25(OH)D levels and vitamin D supplementation were not associated with conversion to MS or relapse hazard. Conclusion: We found that preonset sun exposure was protective against subsequent conversion to MS and relapses. While consistent associations between postonset sun exposure or serum 25(OH)D level and clinical course were not evident, possibly masked by behavior change, those participants who markedly increased their sun exposure demonstrated a reduced MS conversion and relapse hazard, suggesting beneficial effects of sun exposure on clinical course. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2017

Abstract Title: Preharvest Ultraviolet C Irradiation Increased the Level of Polyphenol Accumulation and Flavonoid Pathway Gene Expression in Strawberry Fruit. Abstract Source: J Agric Food Chem. 2017 Nov 22 ;65(46):9970-9979. Epub 2017 Nov 8. PMID: 29091440 Abstract Author(s): Yanqun Xu, Marie Thérèse Charles, Zisheng Luo, Benjamin Mimee, Pierre-Yves Veronneau, Daniel Rolland, Dominique Roussel Article Affiliation: Yanqun Xu Abstract: Preharvest ultraviolet C (UV-C) irradiation is an innovative approach for increasing the bioactive phytochemical content of strawberries to increase the disease resistance and nutritional value. This study investigated the changes in individual flavonoids in strawberry developed with three different cumulative doses of preharvest UV-C treatment (low, 9.6 kJ m; middle, 15 kJ m; and high , 29.4 kJ m). Significant accumulation (p<0.05) of phenolics (25-75% increase), namely, cyanidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside/rutinoside, glucoside and glucuronide of quercetin and kaempferol, and ellagic acid, was found in the fruit subjected to low and middle supplemental doses of UV-C radiation. The expression of the flavonoid pathway structural genes, i.e., FaCHS1, FaCHI, FaFHT, FaDFR, FaFLS, and FaFGT, was upregulated in the low- and middle-dose groups, while the early stage genes were not affected by the high dose. FaMYB1 was also relatively enhanced in the low- and middle-dose groups, while FaASR was upregulated in only the low-dose group. Hormetic preharvest UV-C dose ranges for enhancing the polyphenol content of strawberries were established for the first time. Article Published Date : Nov 21, 2017

Abstract Title: Comparison of sun exposure versus vitamin D supplementation for pregnant women with vitamin D deficiency. Abstract Source: J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017 Nov 15:1-111. Epub 2017 Nov 15. PMID: 29141476 Abstract Author(s): Maryam Hajhashemi, Azadeh Khorsandi, Fedyeh Haghollahi Article Affiliation: Maryam Hajhashemi Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Maternal vitamin D deficiency is widespread health problem which is more important in pregnant women which affects fetus growth and bone development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sun exposure versus vitamin D supplementation for pregnant women with vitamin D deficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective clinical trial was performed on 87 pregnant women with vitamin D deficiency. Group A was treated with vitamin D 4000 IU per day for 10 weeks, while group B was recommended for sun exposure for 30 minutes daily (30% body surface area) for 10 weeks in summer and between 10 am-4 pm in direct sunlight. After the delivery, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels were measured in the same previous center. Moreover, weight, height and head circumference of fetus were measured at delivery in both groups and compared with each other. RESULTS: After 10-week intervention, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels was significantly higher in group treated with vitamin D as compared to sun expose group (31.27 versus 19.79 ng/ml). (p<0.001). However, height (p = 0.118), weight (p = 0.245) and head circumference (p = 0.681) of infants in both groups did not show significant differences. CONCLUSION: Vitamin D supplementation is more effective than sun exposure in increasing 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in pregnant women with vitamin D deficiency. Article Published Date : Nov 14, 2017

Abstract Title: Prevention of transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease with pathogen-reduced platelets with amotosalen and ultraviolet A light: a review. Abstract Source: Vox Sang. 2017 Oct ;112(7):607-613. Epub 2017 Aug 18. PMID: 28833219 Abstract Author(s): J Cid Article Affiliation: J Cid Abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD) is a serious complication of blood component transfusion therapy, caused by donor T lymphocytes.γ-Irradiation or pathogen inactivation methods, capable of inactivating proliferating T cells in blood components, should be selected to prevent TA-GVHD. This review summarizes the published evidence to support the use of pathogen-reduced platelets with amotosalen (150 μm) and ultraviolet A light(UVA, 320-400 nm, 3 J/cm) for preventing TA-GVHD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Available literature on the use of pathogen-reduced platelets to prevent TA-GVHD was reviewed. RESULTS: Observational studies, animal models, in vitro studies and mechanistic studies of pathogen-reduced platelets with amotosalen and UVA light showed that inactivation of T cells are equal or even superior toγ-irradiation. CONCLUSION: Pathogen-reduced platelets with amotosalen and UVA light can be used as a measure to prevent TA-GVHD. Article Published Date : Sep 30, 2017

Abstract Title: Ultraviolet-A1 irradiation therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus. Abstract Source: Lupus. 2017 Oct ;26(12):1239-1251. Epub 2017 May 8. PMID: 28480786 Abstract Author(s): H McGrath Article Affiliation: H McGrath Abstract: Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus, SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies, which bind to antigens and are deposited within tissues to fix complement, resulting in widespread systemic inflammation. The studies presented herein are consistent with hyperpolarized, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-deficient mitochondria being central to the disease process. These hyperpolarized mitochondria resist the depolarization required for activation-induced apoptosis. The mitochondrial ATP deficits add to this resistance to apoptosis and also reduce the macrophage energy that is needed to clear apoptotic bodies. In both cases, necrosis, the alternative pathway of cell death, results. Intracellular constituents spill into the blood and tissues, eliciting inflammatory responses directed at their removal. What results is"autoimmunity."Ultraviolet (UV)-A1 photons have the capacity to remediate this aberrancy. Exogenous exposure to low-dose, full-body, UV-A1 radiation generates singlet oxygen. Singlet oxygen has two major palliative actions in patients with lupus and the UV-A1 photons themselves have several more. Singlet oxygen depolarizes the hyperpolarized mitochondrion, triggering non-ATP-dependent apoptosis that deters necrosis. Next, singlet oxygen activates the gene encoding heme oxygenase (HO-1), a major governor of systemic homeostasis. HO-1 catalyzes the degradation of the oxidant heme into biliverdin (converted to bilirubin), Fe, and carbon monoxide (CO), the first three of these exerting powerful antioxidant effects, and in conjunction with a fourth, CO, protecting against injury to the coronary arteries, the central nervous system, and the lungs. The UV-A1 photons themselves directly attenuate disease in lupus by reducing B cell activity, preventing the suppression of cell-mediated immunity, slowing an epigenetic progression toward SLE, and ameliorating discoid and subacute cutaneous lupus. Finally, a combination of these mechanisms reduces levels of anticardiolipin antibodies and protects during lupus pregnancy. Capping all of this is that UV-A1 irradiation is an essentially innocuous, highly manageable, and comfortable therapeutic agency. Article Published Date : Sep 30, 2017

Abstract Title: Demethoxycurcumin in combination with ultraviolet radiation B induces apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway and caspase activation in A431 and HaCaT cells. Abstract Source: Tumour Biol. 2017 Jun ;39(6):1010428317706216. PMID: 28618944 Abstract Author(s): Yong Xin, Qian Huang, Pei Zhang, Wen Wen Guo, Long Zhen Zhang, Guan Jiang Article Affiliation: Yong Xin Abstract: Photodynamic therapy is widely used in the clinical treatment of tumors, especially skin cancers. It has been reported that the photosensitizer curcumin, in combination with ultraviolet radiation B, induces HaCaT cell apoptosis, and this effect may be due to the activation of caspase pathways. In this study, we examined the photodynamic effects of demethoxycurcumin, a more stable analogue of curcumin, to determine whether it could induce apoptosis in skin cancer cells. We investigated the effects of a combination of ultraviolet radiation B and demethoxycurcumin on apoptotic cell death in A431 and HaCaT cells and determined the molecular mechanism of action. Our results showed increased apoptosis with a combination of ultraviolet radiation B with demethoxycurcumin, as compared to ultraviolet radiation B or demethoxycurcumin alone. The combination of ultraviolet radiation B irradiation with demethoxycurcumin synergistically induced apoptotic cell death in A431 and HaCaT cells through activation of p53 and caspase pathways, as well as through upregulation of Bax and p-p65 expression and downregulation of Bcl-2, Mcl-1, and nuclear factor-κB expression. In addition, we found that reactive oxygen species significantly increased with treatment, and mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization was remarkably enhanced. In conclusion, our data indicate that demethoxycurcumin may be a promising photosensitizer for use in photodynamic therapy to induce apoptosis in skin cancer cells. Article Published Date : May 31, 2017

Abstract Title: Short-term UVB irradiation significantly increases vitamin D serum concentration in obese patients: a clinical pilot study. Abstract Source: Endocrine. 2017 Apr ;56(1):186-195. Epub 2017 Feb 10. PMID: 28188479 Abstract Author(s): Alexander Obbarius, Heike Berger, Andreas Stengel, Carmen Garcia, Felix Fischer, Tobias Hofmann, Matthias Rose, Ralf Uebelhack Article Affiliation: Alexander Obbarius Abstract: PURPOSE: Deficiency of vitamin D is very common in obese people and treatment by oral supplementation is not effective in all patients. This exploratory pilot study investigated the influence of different doses of short-term ultraviolet B irradiation on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D(25D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D(1,25D) levels in obese compared to normal weight subjects and obese controls. METHODS: Participants with skin types II and III (Fitzpatrick skin classification) were assigned to six groups including four intervention groups receiving irradiation (three groups of obese and one group of normal weight subjects) and two control groups without treatment (obese and normal weight). Intervention groups received three sessions of whole body UVB irradiation of three different doses (cumulative doses over three sessions: 0.28, 0.70, 1.75 minimal erythema dose) within 1 week of intervention. Serum 25D and 1,25D were measured at baseline and after irradiation. Outcome differences between groups were analyzed using a linear model. RESULTS: Serum 25D levels increased significantly in obese (+23.6 and +26.7%, respectively, p = 0.01) and normal weight (+15.6%, p = 0.02) intervention groups who received medium and high doses of ultraviolet B irradiation compared to control groups (+3.5 and -4.0%, respectively, p = 1.0). The increase in obese patients was 51.4% greater compared to normal weight controls irradiated with equal ultraviolet B doses. Low-level ultraviolet irradiation did not result in a significant change in serum 25D (+7.0%, p = 0.61). We did not detect any significant differences of 1,25D between groups (p = 0.25). CONCLUSIONS: The current study indicates that short-term ultraviolet B irradiation increases 25D levels in obese patients. Article Published Date : Mar 31, 2017

Abstract Title: Ultraviolet B decreases DNA methylation level of CD4+ T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Abstract Source: Inflammopharmacology. 2017 Apr ;25(2):203-210. Epub 2017 Feb 11. PMID: 28190128 Abstract Author(s): Min Zhang, Xuan Fang, Guo-Sheng Wang, Yan Ma, Li Jin, Xiao-Mei Li, Xiang-Pei Li Article Affiliation: Min Zhang Abstract: OBJECTIVE: In the present study, DNA methylation level of CD4+ T cells exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB) was investigated and its potential mechanisms were also explored. METHODS: CD4+ T cells from 12 cases of healthy subjects and 33 cases of SLE patients were isolated and exposed to different dosages (0, 50, 100 mJ/cm) of UVB. Further, SLE patients were divided into two groups: active SLE group (22 cases, SLEDAI scores >4) and inactive SLE group (11 cases, SLEDAI scores ≤4). DNA methylation was evaluated by the Methylamp™ Global DNA Methylation Quantification Ultra Kit. The mRNA and protein expression levels of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1 and DNMT3A) were detected by real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. RESULTS: The levels of DNA methylation and DNMT3A mRNA in SLE patients were significantly decreased compared with those in healthy subjects at baseline. After different dosages of ultraviolet irradiation (0, 50 and 100 mJ/cm), DNA methylation levels of CD4+ T cells were all reduced in a dose-dependent manner in three subgroups. Additionally, 100 mJ/cmultraviolet irradiation in active SLE group contributed to a significant decrease of both DNA methylation and DNMT3A mRNA levels in CD4+ T cells. UVB exposure had no significant effects on expression levels of DNMT1 mRNA and protein and DNMT3A protein. CONCLUSION: UVB decreases DNA methylation level of CD4+ T cells in SLE patients probably via inhibiting DNMT3A mRNA expression level, which needs to be further explored. Article Published Date : Mar 31, 2017

Abstract Title: Ultraviolet radiation, vitamin D and the development of obesity, metabolic syndrome and type-2 diabetes. Abstract Source: Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2017 Mar 16 ;16(3):362-373. PMID: 28009891 Abstract Author(s): Shelley Gorman, Robyn M Lucas, Aidan Allen-Hall, Naomi Fleury, Martin Feelisch Article Affiliation: Shelley Gorman Abstract: Obesity is increasing in prevalence in many countries around the world. Its causes have been traditionally ascribed to a model where energy intake exceeds energy consumption. Reduced energy output in the form of exercise is associated with less sun exposure as many of these activities occur outdoors. This review explores the potential for ultraviolet radiation (UVR), derived from sun exposure, to affect the development of obesity and two of its metabolic co-morbidities, type-2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. We here discuss the potential benefits (or otherwise) of exposure to UVR based on evidence from pre-clinical, human epidemiological and clinical studies and explore and compare the potential role of UVR-induced mediators, including vitamin D and nitric oxide. Overall, emerging findings suggest a protective role for UVR and sun exposure in reducing the development of obesity and cardiometabolic dysfunction, but more epidemiological and clinical research is required that focuses on measuring the direct associations and effects of exposure to UVR in humans. Article Published Date : Mar 15, 2017

Abstract Title: Does the Access to Sun Exposure Ensure Adequate Levels of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D? Abstract Source: Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2017 Mar 15. Epub 2017 Mar 15. PMID: 28297731 Abstract Author(s): Ênio Luis Damaso, Francisco José Albuquerque de Paula, Silvio Antônio Franceschini, Carolina Sales Vieira, Rui Alberto Ferriani, Marcos Felipe Silva de Sá, Lucia Alves da Silva Lara Article Affiliation: Ênio Luis Damaso Abstract: Objectives To assess the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D, altered arterial blood pressure, and serum levels of glucose and lipids in community-dwelling women in the city of Ribeirão Preto, in the southeast of Brazil. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of women aged 40-70 years old. Calcium intake and level of sun exposure were assessed by means of a questionnaire. A blood sample was used to determine glucose, lipid profile and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentration. Results Ninety-one women were enrolled (age = 54.2 ± 7.1 years). The mean serum 25(OH)D concentration was 25.7 ± 8.9 ng/mL. A total of 24 (26.4%) women had 25(OH)D levels < 20 ng/mL. Seventy women (76.9%) had 25(OH)D levels < 30 ng/mL. Seventy-five women (90.4%) had inadequate calcium intake, and 61 women (67%) had appropriate sun exposure, 49 of whom (80.3%) had serum 25(OH)D levels < 30 ng/mL. Conclusion This study indicates that even in community-dwelling women, living in a city with high sun exposure, serum levels of 25(OH)D > 30 ng/ml are hardly reached. Thus, it is probable that other intrinsic factors besides sun exposure may regulate the levels of vitamin D. Article Published Date : Mar 14, 2017

Abstract Title: Ultraviolet A eye irradiation ameliorates colon carcinoma induced by azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate throughβ-endorphin and methionine-enkephalin. Abstract Source: Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2017 Mar ;33(2):84-91. Epub 2017 Jan 19. PMID: 28039905 Abstract Author(s): Keiichi Hiramoto, Satoshi Yokoyama, Yurika Yamate Article Affiliation: Keiichi Hiramoto Abstract: BACKGROUND: We previously reported that ultraviolet (UV) A eye irradiation reduces the ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). This study examined the effects of UVA on colon carcinoma induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and DSS. METHODS: We irradiated the eyes of ICR mice with UVA at a dose of 110 kJ/musing an FL20SBLB-A lamp for the experimental period. RESULTS: In mice treated with these drugs, the symptom of colon carcinoma was reduced by UVA eye irradiation. The levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the blood were increased in AOM + DSS-treated mice; however, those levels were reduced by UVA eye irradiation. The expression of β-endorphin, methionine-enkephalin (OGF), μ-opioid receptor, and opioid growth factor receptor (OGFR) of the colon was increased in the AOM + DSS-treated mice, andthese levels were increased further following UVA eye irradiation. When β-endorphin inhibitor was administered, the ameliorative effect of UVA eye irradiation was reduced, and the effect of eye irradiation disappeared entirely following the administration of naltrexone (inhibitor of both opioid receptor and OGFR). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that UVA eye irradiation exerts major effects on AOM + DSS-induced colon carcinoma. Article Published Date : Feb 28, 2017

Abstract Title: The Preventive Effect of Coffee Compounds on Dermatitis and Epidermal Pigmentation after Ultraviolet Irradiation in Mice. Abstract Source: Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2017 ;30(1):24-35. Epub 2017 Feb 3. PMID: 28152530 Abstract Author(s): Yurika Yamate, Keiichi Hiramoto, Eisuke F Sato Article Affiliation: Yurika Yamate Abstract: BACKGROUND: Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is well known to promote inflammation and pigmentation of skin. UVB mainly affects dermatitis and pigmentation. Coffee contains a number of polyphenols, such as caffeic acid (CA) and chlorogenic acid (CGA) but their in vivo bioactivity for photobiology remains unclear. METHODS: C57BL/6j male mice were irradiated with UVB (1.0 kJ/m2/day) for 3 days. Five days after the final session of UVB irradiation, the dorsal skin, ear epidermis, and blood samples were analyzed to investigate the inflammatory factors, melanogenesis factors and related hormones. RESULTS: After the oral administration of CA (100 mg/day) or CGA (100 mg/day) for 8 days, only CA was found to inhibit dermatitis and pigmentation. The pathway by which CA inhibits dermatitis is related to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)1/2/cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) pathway. Otherwise, the pathway by which CA inhibits pigmentation is related to the activation of theβ-endorphin-μ-opioid receptor and suppresses the cAMP-microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) pathway. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that the oral administration of CA prevented dermatitis and pigmentation after UVB irradiation in mice. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2016

Abstract Title: UVB Exposure Prevents Atherosclerosis by Regulating Immunoinflammatory Responses. Abstract Source: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2017 01 ;37(1):66-74. Epub 2016 Oct 20. PMID: 27765767 Abstract Author(s): Naoto Sasaki, Tomoya Yamashita, Kazuyuki Kasahara, Atsushi Fukunaga, Tomoyuki Yamaguchi, Takuo Emoto, Keiko Yodoi, Takuya Matsumoto, Kenji Nakajima, Tomoyuki Kita, Masafumi Takeda, Taiji Mizoguchi, Tomohiro Hayashi, Yoshihiro Sasaki, Mayumi Hatakeyama, Kumiko Taguchi, Ken Washio, Shimon Sakaguchi, Bernard Malissen, Chikako Nishigori, Ken-Ichi Hirata Article Affiliation: Naoto Sasaki Abstract: OBJECTIVE: UVB irradiation is an established treatment for immunoinflammatory cutaneous disorders and has been shown to suppress cutaneous and systemic inflammatory diseases through modulation of the adaptive immune response. However, it remains unknown whether UVB irradiation prevents an immunoinflammatory disease of arteries such as atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Here, we show that UVB exposure inhibits the development and progression of atherosclerosis in atherosclerosis-prone mice by expanding and enhancing the functional capacity of CD4forkhead box P3regulatory T cells and regulating proatherogenic T-cell responses. Experimental studies in Langerhans cell-depleted mice revealed that epidermal Langerhans cells play a critical role in UVB-dependent induction of CD4forkhead box P3regulatory T cells, suppression of proatherogenic T-cell responses, and prevention of atherosclerotic plaque development. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest the skin immune system as a novel therapeutic target for atherosclerosis and provide a novel strategy for the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2016

Abstract Title: Exosomes are released by bystander cells exposed to radiation-induced biophoton signals: Reconciling the mechanisms mediating the bystander effect. Abstract Source: PLoS One. 2017 ;12(3):e0173685. Epub 2017 Mar 9. PMID: 28278290 Abstract Author(s): Michelle Le, Cristian Fernandez-Palomo, Fiona E McNeill, Colin B Seymour, Andrew J Rainbow, Carmel E Mothersill Article Affiliation: Michelle Le Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to explore a possible molecular mechanism by which ultraviolet (UV) biophotons could elicit bystander responses in reporter cells and resolve the problem of seemingly mutually exclusive mechanisms of a physical UV signal&a soluble factor-mediated bystander signal. METHODS: The human colon carcinoma cell line, HCT116 p53 +/+, was directly irradiated with 0.5 Gy tritium beta particles to induce ultraviolet biophoton emission. Bystander cells were not directly irradiated but were exposed to the emitted UV biophotons. Medium was subsequently harvested from UV-exposed bystander cells. The exosomes extracted from this medium were incubated with reporter cell populations. These reporter cells were then assayed for clonogenic survival and mitochondrial membrane potential with and without prior treatment of the exosomes with RNase. RESULTS: Clonogenic cell survival was significantly reduced in reporter cells incubated with exosomes extracted from cells exposed to secondarily-emitted UV. These exosomes also induced significant mitochondrial membrane depolarization in receiving reporter cells. Conversely, exosomes extracted from non-UV-exposed cells did not produce bystander effects in reporter cells. The treatment of exosomes with RNase prior to their incubation with reporter cells effectively abolished bystander effects in reporter cells and this suggests a role for RNA in mediating the bystander response elicited by UV biophotons and their produced exosomes. CONCLUSION: This study supports a role for exosomes released from UV biophoton-exposed bystander cells in eliciting bystander responses and also indicates a reconciliation between the UV-mediated bystander effect and the bystander effect which has been suggested in the literature to be mediated by soluble factors. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2016

Abstract Title: Inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm after ultraviolet light-emitting diode treatment: a comparative study between ultraviolet C and ultraviolet B. Abstract Source: J Biomed Opt. 2017 06 1 ;22(6):65004. PMID: 28655056 Abstract Author(s): Aikaterini Argyraki, Merete Markvart, Lars Bjørndal, Thomas Bjarnsholt, Paul Michael Petersen Article Affiliation: Aikaterini Argyraki Abstract: The objective of this study was to test the inactivation efficiency of two different light-based treatments, namely ultraviolet B (UVB) and ultraviolet C (UVC) irradiation, on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms at different growth stages (24, 48, and 72 h grown). In our experiments, a type of AlGaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) was used to deliver UV irradiation on the biofilms. The effectiveness of the UVB at 296 nm and UVC at 266 nm irradiations was quantified by counting colony-forming units. The survival of less mature biofilms (24 h grown) was studied as a function of UV-radiant exposure. All treatments were performed on three different biological replicates to test reproducibility. It was shown that UVB irradiation was significantly more effective than UVC irradiation in inactivating P. aeruginosa biofilms. UVC irradiation induced insignificant inactivation on mature biofilms. The fact that the UVB at 296 nm exists in daylight and has such disinfection ability on biofilms provides perspectives for the treatment of infectious diseases. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2016

Abstract Title: Regular sun exposure benefits health. Abstract Source: Med Hypotheses. 2016 Dec ;97:34-37. Epub 2016 Oct 19. PMID: 27876126 Abstract Author(s): H J van der Rhee, E de Vries, J W Coebergh Article Affiliation: H J van der Rhee Abstract: Since it was discovered that UV radiation was the main environmental cause of skin cancer, primary prevention programs have been started. These programs advise to avoid exposure to sunlight. However, the question arises whether sun-shunning behaviour might have an effect on general health. During the last decades new favourable associations between sunlight and disease have been discovered. There is growing observational and experimental evidence that regular exposure to sunlight contributes to the prevention of colon-, breast-, prostate cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple sclerosis, hypertension and diabetes. Initially, these beneficial effects were ascribed to vitamin D. Recently it became evident that immunomodulation, the formation of nitric oxide, melatonin, serotonin, and the effect of (sun)light on circadian clocks, are involved as well. In Europe (above 50 degrees north latitude), the risk of skin cancer (particularly melanoma) is mainly caused by an intermittent pattern of exposure, while regular exposure confers a relatively low risk. The available data on the negative and positive effects of sun exposure are discussed. Considering these data we hypothesize that regular sun exposure benefits health. Article Published Date : Nov 30, 2016

Abstract Title: The role of UVR and vitamin D on T cells and inflammatory bowel disease. Abstract Source: Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2016 Sep 8. Epub 2016 Aug 8. PMID: 27714313 Abstract Author(s): Stephanie Bora, Margherita T Cantorna Article Affiliation: Stephanie Bora Abstract: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In experimental IBD the targets of vitamin D that result in protection from IBD include gut epithelial cells, innate immune cells, T cells, and the microbiota. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induces production of vitamin D in the skin and suppresses T cell responses in the host. There is limited data demonstrating an effect of UVR on experimental IBD but the mechanisms of UVR suppression in IBD have not been defined. There are several shared effects of vitamin D and UVR on T cells including inhibition of proliferation and suppression of IFN-γ and IL-17 producing T cells. Conversely UVR decreases and vitamin D increases IL-4 production from T cells. Together the data suggest that UVR suppression of T cells and potentially IBD are both vitamin D dependent and independent. Article Published Date : Sep 07, 2016

Abstract Title: UV Irradiation and Pleiotropic Effects of Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease - Benefits on Cardiovascular Comorbidities and Quality of Life. Abstract Source: Anticancer Res. 2016 Mar ;36(3):1403-8. PMID: 26977043 Abstract Author(s): Rolfdieter Krause, Rainer Stange, Heinrich Kaase, Michael F Holick Article Affiliation: Rolfdieter Krause Abstract: BACKGROUND: Vitamin D3 can be metabolized in the skin to 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D because the skin expresses vitamin D-25-hydroxylase, 25(OH)D-1-alpha-hydroxylase, and the vitamin D receptor. The aim of this review was to discuss the pleiotropic effects after serial suberythemal UVB irradiation with a sun-simulating UV spectrum in end-stage kidney disease patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fourteen hemodialysis patients, with a mean age of 51 (range 41-57) years, were whole-body UV irradiated over 6 months. RESULTS: Patients demonstrated an increase in their hematocrit and required less erythropoietin. An increase in maximal oxygen uptake and workload capacity was associated with decreased lactic acid production. The patients demonstrated a decreased heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure with an increase in the R-R-interval and the beat-to-beat-differences. CONCLUSION: Cardiovascular disease is the most important comorbidity. Exposure to simulated sunlight that contains both UVB and UVA reduce cardiovascular risk factors and improve quality of life. Article Published Date : Feb 29, 2016

Abstract Title: Sunlight Has Cardiovascular Benefits Independently of Vitamin D. Abstract Source: Blood Purif. 2016 Jan 15 ;41(1-3):130-134. Epub 2016 Jan 15. PMID: 26766556 Abstract Author(s): Richard B Weller Article Affiliation: Richard B Weller Abstract: BACKGROUND: High blood pressure (BP) is the leading risk factor for disability adjusted life years lost globally. Epidemiological data show a correlation between increased sun exposure and reduced population BP and cardiovascular mortality. Individuals with high serum vitamin D levels are at reduced risk of hypertension, cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome, yet multiple trial data show that oral vitamin D supplementation has no effect on these endpoints. Sunlight is a risk factor for skin cancers, but no link has been shown with increased all-cause mortality. Cohort studies from Scandinavia show a dose-dependent fall in mortality with increased sun-seeking behaviour. Skin contains significant stores of nitrogen oxides, which can be converted to NO by UV radiation and exported to the systemic circulation. Human studies show that this pathway can cause arterial vasodilatation and reduced BP. Murine studies suggest the same mechanism may reduce metabolic syndrome. SUMMARY: Sunlight has beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors independently of vitamin D. Key Messages: All-cause mortality should be the primary determinant of public health messages. Sunlight is a risk factor for skin cancer, but sun avoidance may carry more of a cost than benefit for overall good health. Article Published Date : Jan 14, 2016

Abstract Title: The Effects of Ultraviolet Eye Irradiation on Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice. Abstract Source: Photochem Photobiol. 2016 09 ;92(5):728-34. Epub 2016 Aug 17. PMID: 27428018 Abstract Author(s): Keiichi Hiramoto, Yurika Yamate, Eisuke F Sato Article Affiliation: Keiichi Hiramoto Abstract: Ultraviolet (UV) eye irradiation denatures the cells of the intestine. This study examined the action of UVA and UVB on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis. We produced a mouse model of ulcerative colitis by administering DSS for 5 days and irradiated the eye with UVB or UVA for each day of the DSS treatment period. DSS-induced ulcerative colitis was deteriorated by the UVB eye irradiation. Conversely, the symptoms improved with UVA eye irradiation. The levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), urocortin 2, interleukin (IL)-18, IL-6 and histamine in the blood increased after the UVB eye irradiation of DSS-treated mice (UVB/DSS-treated mice). In contrast, theβ-endorphin level in the blood of the UVA/DSS-treated mice increased and the levels of urocortin 2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and histamine decreased. Furthermore, in the colon, the expression of melanocortin-2 receptors (MC2R) increased in the UVB/DSS-treated mice, while the expression of μ-opioid receptors increased in the UVA/DSS-treated mice. When an ACTH inhibitor was administered, UVB eye irradiation caused the deterioration of DSS-treated ulcerative colitis, while the effect of UV eye irradiation disappeared with a μ-opioid receptor antagonist. These results suggested that UV eye irradiation plays an important role in DSS-induced ulcerative colitis. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2015

Abstract Title: Protective Effect of Carvacrol on Oxidative Stress and Cellular DNA Damage Induced by UVB Irradiation in Human Peripheral Lymphocytes. Abstract Source: J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2015 Nov ;29(11):497-507. Epub 2010 May 21. PMID: 26768646 Abstract Author(s): Balakrishnan Aristatile, Khalid S Al-Numair, Abdullah H Al-Assaf, Chinnadurai Veeramani, Kodukkur Viswanathan Pugalendi Article Affiliation: Balakrishnan Aristatile Abstract: Exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB; 280-320 nm) radiation induces the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the biological system. In this study, we examined the protective effect of carvacrol on UVB-induced lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage with reference to alterations in cellular an-tioxidant status in human lymphocytes. A series of in vitro assays (hydroxyl radical, superoxide, nitric oxide, DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl), and ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging assays) demonstrate antioxidant property of carvacrol in our study. UVB exposure significantly increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), lipid hydroperoxides (LHPs), % tail DNA and tail moment; decreased % cell viability and antioxidant status in UVB-irradiated lymphocytes. Treatment with carvacrol 30 min prior to UVB-exposure resulted in a significant decline of TBARS, LHP, % tail DNA, and tail moment and increased % cell viability as carvacrol concentration increased. UVB irradiated lymphocytes with carvacrol alone (at 10μg/mL) gave no significant change in cell viability, TBARS, LHP, % tail DNA, and tail moment when compared with normal lymphocytes. On the basis of our results, we conclude that carvacrol, a dietary antioxidant, mediates its protective effect through modulation of UVB-induced ROS. Article Published Date : Oct 31, 2015

Abstract Title: Protective Effect of Super-Critical Carbon Dioxide Fluid Extract from Flowers and Buds of Chrysanthemum indicum Linnén Against Ultraviolet-Induced Photo-Aging in Mice. Abstract Source: Rejuvenation Res. 2015 Oct ;18(5):437-48. Epub 2015 Aug 20. PMID: 25849065 Abstract Author(s): Xie Zhang, You-Liang Xie, Xiu-Ting Yu, Zu-Qing Su, Jie Yuan, Yu-Cui Li, Zi-Ren Su, Janis Ya-Xian Zhan, Xiao-Ping Lai Article Affiliation: Xie Zhang Abstract: It is known that solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation to human skin causes photo-aging, including increases in skin thickness and wrinkle formation and reduction in skin elasticity. UV radiation induces damage to skin mainly by superfluous reactive oxygen species and chronic low-grade inflammation, which eventually up-regulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In this study, the super-critical carbon dioxide extract from flowers and buds of Chrysanthemum indicum Linnén (CISCFE), which has been reported to possess free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties, was investigated for its photo-protective effect by topical application on the skin of mice. Moreover, CISCFE effectively suppressed the UV-induced increase in skin thickness and wrinkle grading in a dose-dependent manner, which was correlated with the inhibition of loss of collagen fiber content and epidermal thickening. Furthermore, we observed that CISCFE could obviously decrease UV-induced skin inflammation by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α), alleviate the abnormal changes of anti-oxidative indicators (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase), and down-regulate the levels of MMP-1 and MMP-3. The results indicated that CISCFE was a novel photo-protective agent from natural resources against UV irradiation. Article Published Date : Sep 30, 2015

Abstract Title: Consumption of vitamin D2 enhanced mushrooms is associated with improved bone health. Abstract Source: J Nutr Biochem. 2015 Jul ;26(7):696-703. Epub 2015 Mar 5. PMID: 25792284 Abstract Author(s): Shin-Yu Chen, Hui-Tzu Yu, Ju-Po Kao, Chung-Chun Yang, Shen-Shih Chiang, Darya O Mishchuk, Jeng-Leun Mau, Carolyn M Slupsky Article Affiliation: Shin-Yu Chen Abstract: Mushrooms are the best nonanimal food source of vitamin D2. Pulsed irradiation can enhance vitamin D2 in mushrooms quickly. We investigated the effect of supplementing high vitamin D2Pleurotus ferulae mushrooms in a mouse model of osteoporosis. Thirty-two female C57BL/6JNarl mice were divided into four groups including sham, ovariectomized (OVX), OVX+nonpulsed mushroom (NPM) and OVX+pulsed mushroom (PM). After 23 weeks of treatment, serum samples were analyzed for osteoblast and osteoclast indicators, as well as metabolites using NMR spectroscopy. To examine bone density, femurs were analyzed using micro-computed tomography. The NPM and PM treatment mice showed increased bone density in comparison with OVX mice. In addition, the PM mice showed higher osteoblast and lower osteoclast indicators in comparison with OVX mice. Serum metabolomics analysis indicated several metabolites that were different in PM mice, some of which could be correlated with bone health. Taken together, these results suggest that pulsed irradiated mushrooms are able to increase bone density in osteoporotic mice possibly through enhanced bone metabolism. Further studies in humans are needed to show their efficacy in preventing osteoporosis. Article Published Date : Jun 30, 2015

Abstract Title: In vitro evaluation of curcumin effects on breast adenocarcinoma 2D and 3D cell cultures. Abstract Source: Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2015 ;56(1):71-6. PMID: 25826489 Abstract Author(s): Hussam Abuelba, Carmen Elena Cotrutz, Bogdan Alexandru Stoica, Laura Stoica, DoiniŢa Olinici, Tudor Petreuş Article Affiliation: Hussam Abuelba Abstract: UNLABELLED: Breast adenocarcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231, even if it expresses low levels of E-cadherin, still readily form multicellular aggregates of cells, namely spheroids. Curcumin is a diarylheptanoid antitumoral drug while it significantly inhibits cell migration, invasion, and colony formation in vitro and reduces tumor growth and liver metastasis in vivo. Curcumin photoactivation may enhance antiapoptotic role against cancer cells. AIM: To evaluate the effect of low curcumin concentrations, ranged from 1.9 to 15μM, with and without photoactivation, using a manufactured 670 nm LED-matrix. A secondary aim was to evaluate the ideal method to produce easy-to-use tumor cell spheroids, comparing two low adherence plate supports. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Breast adenocarcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231 were cultured according to 2D monolayer and 3D spheroid models then submitted to normal and photoactivated curcumin in micromolar concentrations. MTT assay was used to evaluate cell viability following curcumin application on cells. On 2D cell cultures, curcumin inhibits cell tumor development and proliferation at concentrations of 15μM, with a viability of 65.7% at 48 hours incubation time. A decreased viability up to 25% for a concentration of 15 μM was recorded following photoactivation and cytotoxic action on breast cancer tumor cell line continued at concentrations of 7.5 and 3.75 μM. Curcumin photoactivation increases pro-apoptotic effects in both 2D and 3D tumor cell culture models and also responsiveness to curcumin is slightly reduced in spheroid-like structures. Thus, 3D tumor cell culture systems appear to be the ideal environment for in vitro assays regarding anticancer drug effects on cell viability. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2014

Abstract Title: CoQ10-containing eye drops prevent UVB-induced cornea cell damage and increase cornea wound healing by preserving mitochondrial function. Abstract Source: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014 Oct 9 ;55(11):7266-71. Epub 2014 Oct 9. PMID: 25301877 Abstract Author(s): Rita Mencucci, Eleonora Favuzza, Carlotta Boccalini, Andrea Lapucci, Roberta Felici, Francesco Resta, Alberto Chiarugi, Leonardo Cavone Article Affiliation: Rita Mencucci Abstract: PURPOSE: We evaluated the potential protective effects of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on human corneal cells and rabbit eyes after ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure and a model of wound healing in rabbit eyes after corneal epithelium removal. METHODS: Human corneal epithelium cells (HCE) were exposed to a source of UVB radiation (312 nM) in the presence of different CoQ10 concentrations or vehicle. The mitochondrial function and cell survival were evaluated by means of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium (MTT) reduction and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Furthermore, quantitation of oxygen consumption and mitochondrial membrane potential were conducted. In vivo rabbit models were adopted to evaluate the effect of CoQ10 on UVB-induced conjunctival vessel hyperemia and corneal recovery after ethanol induced corneal lesion. RESULTS: In UVB-exposed HCE cells, CoQ10 addition led to an increased survival rate and mitochondrial function. Furthermore, oxygen consumption was maintained at control levels and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) decline was completely prevented in the CoQ10-treated cells. Interestingly, in an in vivo model, CoQ10 was able dose-dependently to reduce UVB-induced vessel hyperemia. Finally, in a model of corneal epithelium removal, 12 hours from surgery, animals treated with CoQ10 showed a reduction of damaged area in respect to vehicle controls, which lasted until 48 hours. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that CoQ10 reduces corneal damages after UVB exposure in vivo and in vitro by preserving mitochondrial function. Also, for the first time to our knowledge we showed that the administration of CoQ10 after corneal epithelium removal promotes corneal wound healing. Article Published Date : Oct 08, 2014

Abstract Title: Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with challenge-proven food allergy in infants. Abstract Source: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013 Apr ;131(4):1109-16, 1116.e1-6. Epub 2013 Feb 27. PMID: 23453797 Abstract Author(s): Katrina J Allen, Jennifer J Koplin, Anne-Louise Ponsonby, Lyle C Gurrin, Melissa Wake, Peter Vuillermin, Pamela Martin, Melanie Matheson, Adrian Lowe, Marnie Robinson, Dean Tey, Nicholas J Osborne, Thanh Dang, Hern-Tze Tina Tan, Leone Thiele, Deborah Anderson, Helen Czech, Jeeva Sanjeevan, Giovanni Zurzolo, Terence Dwyer, Mimi L K Tang, David Hill, Shyamali C Dharmage Article Affiliation: Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Department of Allergy and Immunology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Epidemiological evidence has shown that pediatric food allergy is more prevalent in regions further from the equator, suggesting that vitamin D insufficiency may play a role in this disease. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of vitamin D status in infantile food allergy. METHODS: A population sample of 5276 one-year-old infants underwent skin prick testing to peanut, egg, sesame, and cow's milk or shrimp. All those with a detectable wheal and a random sample of participants with negative skin prick test results attended a hospital-based food challenge clinic. Blood samples were available for 577 infants (344 with challenge-proven food allergy, 74 sensitized but tolerant to food challenge, 159 negative on skin prick test and food challenge). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured by using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and food allergy were examined by using multiple logistic regression, adjusting for potential risk and confounding factors. RESULTS: Infants of Australian-born parents, but not of parents born overseas, with vitamin D insufficiency (≤50 nmol/L) were more likely to be peanut (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 11.51; 95% CI, 2.01-65.79; P=.006) and/or egg (aOR, 3.79; 95% CI, 1.19-12.08; P=.025) allergic than were those with adequate vitamin D levels independent of eczema status. Among those with Australian-born parents, infants with vitamin D insufficiency were more likely to have multiple food allergies (≥2) rather than a single food allergy (aOR, 10.48; 95% CI, 1.60-68.61 vs aOR, 1.82; 95% CI, 0.38-8.77, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: These results provide the first direct evidence that vitamin D sufficiency may be an important protective factor for food allergy in the first year of life. Article Published Date : Mar 31, 2013

Abstract Title: Alcohol consumption decreases the protection efficiency of the antioxidant network and increases the risk of sunburn in human skin. Abstract Source: Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2013 ;26(1):45-51. Epub 2012 Nov 7. PMID: 23147451 Abstract Author(s): M E Darvin, W Sterry, J Lademann, A Patzelt Article Affiliation: M E Darvin Abstract: In recent years, epidemiological data has demonstrated that alcohol consumption is a risk factor for sunburn, melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer. We hypothesized that if the concentration of the antioxidants in the skin has already decreased due to alcohol consumption, then an adequate neutralization of the free radicals induced by ultraviolet light cannot be performed. Based on this hypothesis, we determined the carotenoid concentration in the skin and the minimal erythema dose (MED) of 6 male human volunteers before and after consumption of alcohol or alcohol and orange juice combined. The results showed a significant decrease in the carotenoid concentration in the skin and the MED after alcohol consumption, but no significant decrease after a combined intake of alcohol and orange juice. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2012

Abstract Title: The efficacy of simulated solar disinfection (SODIS) against coxsackievirus, poliovirus and hepatitis A virus. Abstract Source: J Water Health. 2012 Dec ;10(4):531-8. PMID: 23165710 Abstract Author(s): Wayne Heaselgrave, Simon Kilvington Article Affiliation: Department of Infection, Immunity&Inflammation, University of Leicester, Medical Sciences Building PO Box 138, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.; University of Worcester, Institute of Science and the Environment, Henwick Grove, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK. Abstract: The antimicrobial activity of simulated solar disinfection (SODIS) against enteric waterborne viruses including coxsackievirus-B5, poliovirus-2 and hepatitis A virus was investigated in this study. Assays were conducted in transparent 12-well polystyrene microtitre plates containing the appropriate viral test suspension. Plates were exposed to simulated sunlight at an optical irradiance of 550 Wm(-2) (watts per square metre) delivered from a SUNTEST™ CPS+ solar simulator for 6 hours. Aliquots of the viral test suspensions were taken at set time points and the level of inactivation of the viruses was determined by either culture on a HeLa cell monolayer for coxsackievirus-B5 and poliovirus-2 or by utilising a chromogenic antibody-based approach for hepatitis A virus. With coxsackievirus-B5, poliovirus-2 and hepatitis A virus, exposure to SODIS at an optical irradiance of 550 Wm(-2) for 1-2 hours resulted in complete inactivation of each virus. The findings from this study suggest that under appropriate conditions SODIS may be an effective technique for the inactivation of enteric viruses in drinking water. However, further verification studies need to be performed using natural sunlight in the region where the SODIS technology is to be employed to validate our results. Article Published Date : Nov 30, 2012

Abstract Title: Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a triterpenoid saponin glycoside alleviates ultraviolet-B irradiation-induced photoaging in human dermal fibroblasts. Abstract Source: Phytomedicine. 2012 May 15 ;19(7):658-64. Epub 2012 Apr 18. PMID: 22516896 Abstract Author(s): Quadri Afnan, Mushtaq Dar Adil, Ashraf Nissar-Ul, Ahmad Rather Rafiq, Hussian Faridi Amir, Peerzada Kaiser, Vijay Kumar Gupta, Ram Vishwakarma, Sheikh Abdullah Tasduq Article Affiliation: Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Abstract: Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a triterpenoid saponin glycoside from the roots and rhizomes of licorice is used in traditional and modern medicine for the treatment of numerous medical conditions including skin diseases and beauty care product. In the present study, we investigated the effect of GA against ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation-induced photoaging in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and its possible mechanism of action. HDFs were subjected to photoaging by sub-toxic dose of UVB (10 mj/cm(2)) irradiation. Cell viability, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1), pro-collagen 1, cellular and nuclear morphology, cell cycle, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), caspase 3 and hyaluronidase inhibition assays were performed. Western blotting was used to evaluate the expression of NF-kappa B (NF-κB) and cytochrome-C proteins. GA treatment significantly inhibited photoaging. It achieved this by reducing ROS, NF-κB, cytochrome c, caspase 3 levels and inhibiting hyaluronidase enzyme. The main mechanism seems to be, most likely by blocking MMP1 activation by modulating NF-κB signaling. Thesefindings may be useful for development of natural and safe photoprotective agents against UVB irradiation. Article Published Date : May 14, 2012

Abstract Title: Effects of prior light exposure on early evening performance, subjective sleepiness, and hormonal secretion. Abstract Source: Behav Neurosci. 2012 Feb ;126(1):196-203. Epub 2011 Dec 26. PMID: 22201280 Abstract Author(s): Mirjam Münch, Friedrich Linhart, Apiparn Borisuit, Susanne M Jaeggi, Jean-Louis Scartezzini Article Affiliation: Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne. Abstract: In sighted humans, light intensity, timing, exposure duration, and spectral composition of light are important to entrain the endogenous circadian pacemaker to the 24-h day-night cycle. We tested the impact of two realistic office lighting conditions during the afternoon on subjective sleepiness, hormonal secretion, and cognitive performance in the early evening hours. Twenty-nine young subjects came twice and spent 8 h (12:00-20:00) in our laboratory, where they were exposed for 6 h to either artificial light (AL) or to mainly daylight (DL). In the early evening, we assessed their salivary cortisol and melatonin secretion, subjective sleepiness, and cognitive performance (n-back test) under dim light conditions. Subjects felt significantly more alert at the beginning of the evening after the DL condition, and they became sleepier at the end of the evening after the AL condition. For cognitive performance we found a significant interaction between light conditions, mental load (2- or 3-back task) and the order of light administration. On their first evening, subjects performed with similar accuracy after both light conditions, but on their second evening, subjects performed significantly more accurately after the DL in both n-back versions and committed fewer false alarms in the 2-back task compared to the AL group. Lower sleepiness in the evening was significantly correlated with better cognitive performance (p<.05). In summary, even short-term lighting conditions during the afternoon had an impact on cognitive task performance in the evening. This rapid effect was only distinguishable on the second day of training, when a difficult task had been sufficiently practiced. Article Published Date : Feb 01, 2012

Abstract Title: Ecological Studies of the UVB-Vitamin D-Cancer Hypothesis. Abstract Source: Anticancer Res. 2012 Jan ;32(1):223-36. PMID: 22213311 Abstract Author(s): William B Grant Article Affiliation: Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, P.O. Box 641603, San Francisco, CA 94164-1603, U.S.A. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.. Abstract: UNLABELLED: Background/Aim: This paper reviews ecological studies of the ultraviolet-B (UVB)-vitamin D-cancer hypothesis based on geographical variation of cancer incidence and/or mortality rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The review is based largely on three ecological studies of cancer rates from the United States; one each from Australia, China, France, Japan, and Spain; and eight multicountry, multifactorial studies of cancer incidence rates from more than 100 countries. RESULTS: This review consistently found strong inverse correlations with solar UVB for 15 types of cancer: bladder, breast, cervical, colon, endometrial, esophageal, gastric, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, rectal, renal, and vulvar cancer; and Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Weaker evidence exists for nine other types of cancer: brain, gallbladder, laryngeal, oral/pharyngeal, prostate, and thyroid cancer; leukemia; melanoma; and multiple myeloma. CONCLUSION: The evidence for the UVB-vitamin D-cancer hypothesis is very strong in general and for many types of cancer in particular. Article Published Date : Jan 01, 2012

Abstract Title: An estimate of the global reduction in mortality rates through doubling vitamin D levels. Abstract Source: Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011 Jul 6. Epub 2011 Jul 6. PMID: 21731036 Abstract Author(s): W B Grant Article Affiliation: Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. Abstract: Background/Objectives:The goal of this work is to estimate the reduction in mortality rates for six geopolitical regions of the world under the assumption that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels increase from 54 to 110 nmol/l.Subjects/Methods:This study is based on interpretation of the journal literature relating to the effects of solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) and vitamin D in reducing the risk of disease and estimates of the serum 25(OH)D level-disease risk relations for cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and respiratory infections. The vitamin D-sensitive diseases that account for more than half of global mortality rates are CVD, cancer, respiratory infections, respiratory diseases, tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus. Additional vitamin D-sensitive diseases and conditions that account for 2 to 3% of global mortality rates are Alzheimer's disease, falls, meningitis, Parkinson's disease, maternal sepsis, maternal hypertension (pre-eclampsia) and multiple sclerosis. Increasing serum 25(OH)D levels from 54 to 110 nmol/l would reduce the vitamin D-sensitive disease mortality rate by an estimated 20%.Results:The reduction in all-cause mortality rates range from 7.6% for African females to 17.3% for European females. Reductions for males average 0.6% lower than for females. The estimated increase in life expectancy is 2 years for all six regions.Conclusions:Increasing serum 25(OH)D levels is the most cost-effective way to reduce global mortality rates, as the cost of vitamin D is very low and there are few adverse effects from oral intake and/or frequent moderate UVB irradiance with sufficient body surface area exposed.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition advance online publication, 6 July2011; doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.68. Article Published Date : Jul 06, 2011

Abstract Title: UV Modulation of Subcutaneous Fat Metabolism. Abstract Source: J Invest Dermatol. 2011 May 12. Epub 2011 May 12. PMID: 21562570 Abstract Author(s): Eun Ju Kim, Yeon Kyung Kim, Ji Eun Kim, Sojeong Kim, Min-Kyoung Kim, Chi-Hyun Park, Jin Ho Chung Article Affiliation: 1] Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea [2] Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea [3] Institute of Dermatological Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. Abstract: Adipose tissue is not a homogeneous organ. Visceral fat accumulation is associated with atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome, but peripheral subcutaneous (SC) fat accumulation may be protective. Human skin is continuously exposed to UV light. UV can penetrate the epidermis and into the mid-dermis, but not into the SC fat tissue of human skin. However, we here show that SC fat tissue in chronically sun-damaged skin contains less fat than naturally aged skin, and even a single UV exposure of human skin reduced lipid synthesis in the underlying SC fat tissue through transcriptional regulation of the lipogenic enzymes, acetyl CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, and stearoyl CoA desaturase, of their transcription activator sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), and of two key adipogenic transcription factors, CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteinα and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. The cytokines IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-3 (MCP-3), and placenta growth factor, produced by keratinocytes and fibroblasts in response to UV, may be responsible for the reduction of SC fat, and these cytokines, except MCP-3, mayact by upregulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 expression. Our data demonstrate the inhibitory effects of UV light on SC lipid synthesis and provide proof of concept for targeting cytokines for SC fat tissue modification.Journal of Investigative Dermatology advance online publication, 12May 2011; doi:10.1038/jid.2011.106. Article Published Date : May 12, 2011

Abstract Title: A case-control study of risk factors for multiple sclerosis in Iran. Abstract Source: Mult Scler. 2011 Feb 15. Epub 2011 Feb 15. PMID: 21325015 Abstract Author(s): Alvaro Alonso, Stuart D Cook, Amir-Hadi Maghzi, Afshin A Divani Article Affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Abstract: Background: Numerous studies have assessed risk factors for multiple sclerosis (MS), although none have been conducted previously in Iran. Objective: The objective of this study was to study lifestyle and environmental risk factors of MS in the Iranian population. Methods: A case-control study, including 394 MS cases and 394 matched controls, was conducted in MS clinics in different Iranian cities. Information on lifestyles, environmental exposures, and past medical history was obtained from medical charts and phone interviews. Results: In multivariable analysis, sunlight exposure was associated with a lower risk of MS: the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of MS associated with a 1-h increment in daily sunlight was 0.62 (0.53-0.73). Smoking was associated with MS risk in women (OR: 6.48, 95% CI: 1.46-28.78), but not in men (OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.31-1.68) (p = 0.002 for interaction). Finally, past history of common surgical procedures, infectious disorders, or exposure to pets and farm animals was not associated with MS risk. Conclusions: Different modifiable lifestyles, including sunlight exposure and smoking, were associated with lower MS risk in Iran. Interventions aimed at promoting smoking cessation and, more importantly, at increasing exposure to sunlight might contribute to the prevention of MS. Article Published Date : Feb 15, 2011

Abstract Title: Low prevalence of psoriasis among children and adolescents in a large multiethnic cohort in southern California. Abstract Source: J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011 Feb 7. Epub 2011 Feb 7. PMID: 21306784 Abstract Author(s): Jashin J Wu, Mary Helen Black, Ning Smith, Amy H Porter, Steven J Jacobsen, Corinna Koebnick Article Affiliation: Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, Los Angeles; Department of Dermatology, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Pasadena, Los Angeles. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Little information is available on the prevalence of psoriasis in children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE: We sought to estimate the prevalence of pediatric psoriasis in southern California and to investigate the validity of psoriasis diagnosis by a dermatologist compared with a nondermatologist. METHODS: In a southern California population of 710,949 children who were enrolled in an integrated prepaid health plan in 2007 through 2008, cases of psoriasis were identified from electronic medical records and validated by medical chart review. Positive predictive values for valid diagnosis were reported for dermatologists and nondermatologists. RESULTS: The prevalence of pediatric psoriasis confirmed by medical chart review was 19/10,000 patients. The prevalence of psoriasis diagnosis (confirmed and unconfirmed) was 30/10,000 patients. The age at onset of psoriasis was slightly earlier in boys than in girls. The positive predictive value for a valid diagnosis of psoriasis was 63.7% when the diagnosis was made by any health care provider, 90.0% by a dermatologist, and 26.6% by a nondermatologist. The prevalence of psoriasis was higher in girls than in boys. Psoriasis affected 29 (95% confidence interval [CI] 27-32) non-Hispanic whites, 20 (95% CI 16-24) Asian/Pacific Islanders, 16 (95% CI 15-18) Hispanic whites, and 6 (95% CI 4-9) blacks per 10,000 patients. LIMITATIONS: Information on the age at onset was estimated based on the first documented diagnosis of psoriasis. CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of pediatric psoriasis was lower compared with other published studies. This could be in part a result of underdiagnosis because of greater sunlight exposure in southern California and a lower proportion of non-Hispanic whites in the population. Article Published Date : Feb 07, 2011

Abstract Title: Association of UV radiation with multiple sclerosis prevalence and sex ratio in France. Abstract Source: Neurology. 2011 Feb 1;76(5):425-31. PMID: 21282589 Abstract Author(s): S-M Orton, L Wald, C Confavreux, S Vukusic, J P Krohn, S V Ramagopalan, B M Herrera, A D Sadovnick, G C Ebers Article Affiliation: University Department of Clinical Neurology, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.. Abstract: BACKGROUND: French farmers and their families constitute an informative population to study multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence and related epidemiology. We carried out an ecological study to evaluate the association of MS prevalence and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, a candidate climatologic risk factor. METHODS: Mean annual and winter (December-March) UVB irradiation values were systematically compared to MS prevalence rates in corresponding regions of France. UVB data were obtained from the solar radiation database (SoDa) service and prevalence rates from previously published data on 2,667 MS cases registered with the national farmer health insurance system, Mutualité Sociale Agricole (MSA). Pearson correlation was used to examine the relationship of annual and winter UVB values with MS prevalence. Male and female prevalence were also analyzed separately. Linear regression was used to test for interaction of annual and winter UVB with sex in predicting MS prevalence. RESULTS: There was a strong association between MS prevalence and annual mean UVB irradiation (r = -0.80, p<0.001) and average winter UVB (r = -0.87, p<0.001). Both female (r = -0.76, p<0.001) and male (r = -0.46, p = 0.032) prevalence rates were correlated with annual UVB. Regression modeling showed that the effect of UVB on prevalence rates differed by sex; the interaction effect was significant for both annual UVB (p = 0.003) and winter UVB (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that regional UVB radiation is predictive of corresponding MS prevalence rates and supports the hypothesis that sunlight exposure influences MS risk. The evidence also supports a potential role for gender-specific effects of UVB exposure. Article Published Date : Feb 01, 2011

Abstract Title: Joint effects of dietary vitamin D and sun exposure on breast cancer risk: results from the French E3N cohort. Abstract Source: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011 Jan;20(1):187-98. Epub 2010 Dec 2. PMID: 21127286 Abstract Author(s): Pierre Engel, Guy Fagherazzi, Sylvie Mesrine, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Francoise Clavel-Chapelon Article Affiliation: Inserm, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team, F-94805, Villejuif, France. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Ecological studies have suggested that vitamin D production through ultraviolet (UV) solar irradiance could reduce breast cancer (BC) risk. Although studies restricted to dietary vitamin D intake have provided inconsistent results, little is known about the relationship between pre- and postmenopausal BC and combined intakes from diet, supplements, and sun exposure. METHODS: Cox proportional hazards regression models evaluated the association between vitamin D intakes, mean daily ultraviolet radiation dose (UVRd) at the place of residence and risk of BC among 67,721 women of the French E3N cohort. All analyses were stratified on menopausal status taking into account important confounders including calcium consumption. RESULTS: During 10 years of follow-up, a total of 2,871 BC cases were diagnosed. Dietary and supplemental vitamin D intakes were not associated with BC risk; however, in regions with the highest UVRd, postmenopausal women with high dietary or supplemental vitamin D intake had a significantly lower BC risk as compared with women with the lowest vitamin D intake (HR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.54-0.85, and HR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.36-0.90, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that a threshold of vitamin D exposure from both sun and diet is required to prevent BC and this threshold is particularly difficult to reach in postmenopausal women at northern latitudes where quality of sunlight is too poor for adequate vitamin D production. IMPACT: Prospective studies should further investigate associations between BC risk, vitamin D status and sunlight exposure. Article Published Date : Jan 01, 2011

Abstract Title: Amelioration of osteoporosis and hypovitaminosis D by sunlight exposure in Parkinson's disease. Abstract Source: Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011 Jan;17(1):22-6. Epub 2010 Nov 2. PMID: 21050796 Abstract Author(s): Yoshihiro Sato, Jun Iwamoto, Yoshiaki Honda Article Affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mitate Hospital, 3237 Yugeta, Tagawa 826-0041, Japan. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Abstract: A high incidence of fractures, particularly of the hip, represents an important problem in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), who are prone to falls and have osteoporosis. We previously showed that 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) deficiency due to sunlight deprivation with compensatory hyperparathyroidism causes reduced bone mineral density (BMD) in elderly patients with PD. The present study was undertaken to address the possibility that sunlight exposure may maintain BMD and reduce the incidence of hip fracture in elderly patients with PD. In a prospective study, PD patients were assigned to regular sunlight exposure (n=162) or usual lifestyle (n=162), and followed for 2 years. BMD of the second metacarpal bone was measured using a computed X-ray densitometer. Incidence of hip fracture in the two patient groups during the 2 year follow-up period was assessed. At baseline, patients of both groups showed vitamin D deficiency due to sunlight deprivation with compensatory hyperparathyroidism. The exposed group patients were exposed to sunlight (3231 min/year). BMD increased by 3.8% in the sunlight-exposed group and decreased by 2.6% in the usual lifestyle group (p<.0001). Serum 25-OHD level increased from 27 nmol/L to 52 nmol/L in the sunlight-exposed group. Eleven patients sustained hip fracture in the normal lifestyle group, and 3 fractures occurred among the sunlight-exposed group (p=.03; odds ratio=2.4). Sunlight exposure can increase the BMD of vitamin D deficient bone by increasing 25-OHD concentration and leads to the prevention of hip fracture. Article Published Date : Jan 01, 2011

Abstract Title: Oral feeding of pomegranate fruit extract inhibits early biomarkers of UVB radiation-induced carcinogenesis in SKH-1 hairless mouse epidermis. Abstract Source: Photochem Photobiol. 2010 Nov-Dec;86(6):1318-26. Epub 2010 Oct 14. PMID: 20946358 Abstract Author(s): Farrukh Afaq, Naghma Khan, Deeba N Syed, Hasan Mukhtar Article Affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Abstract: Pomegranate from the plant Punica granatum L. possesses strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Recently, we have demonstrated that treatment of normal human epidermal keratinocytes with pomegranate fruit extract (PFE) inhibited UVB-mediated activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen activated protein kinases pathways. Here, we evaluated the effect of PFE on early biomarkers of photocarcinogenesis employing SKH-1 hairless mice. PFE was provided in drinking water (0.2%, wt/vol) to SKH-1 hairless mice for 14 days before a single UVB (180 mJ cm(-2)) irradiation. We found that oral feeding of PFE inhibited UVB-induced: (1) skin edema; (2) hyperplasia; (3) infiltration of leukocytes; (4) lipid peroxidation; (5) hydrogen peroxide generation; (6) ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity; and (7) ODC, cyclooxygenase-2 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein expression. Oral feeding of PFE enhanced repair of UVB-mediated formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG). Importantly, PFE treatment further enhanced UVB-mediated increase in tumor suppressor p53 and cyclin kinase inhibitor p21. Furthermore, oral feeding of PFE inhibited UVB-mediated: (1) nuclear translocation of NF-κB; (2) activation of IKKα; and (3) phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα. Taken together, we provide evidence that oral feeding of PFE to mice affords substantial protection from the adverse effects of UVB radiation via modulation in early biomarkers of photocarcinogenesis and provide suggestion for its photochemopreventive potential. Article Published Date : Nov 01, 2010

Abstract Title: Sunshine-exposure variation of human striatal dopamine D(2)/D(3) receptor availability in healthy volunteers. Abstract Source: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Sep 25. Epub 2010 Sep 25. PMID: 20875835 Abstract Author(s): Hsiang-Yi Tsai, Kao Chin Chen, Yen Kuang Yang, Po See Chen, Tzung Lieh Yeh, Nan Tsing Chiu, I Hui Lee Article Affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, St. Martin De Porres Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan. Abstract: BACKGROUND: In addition to the serotonergic system, the central dopaminergic system has been reported to be correlated with seasonality. The aim of this study was to explore the difference in striatal dopamine D(2)/D(3) receptor availability between healthy volunteers who had a high sunshine exposure and those who had a low exposure. METHODS: Sixty-eight participants were enrolled, and those in the upper and lower quartiles in terms of sunshine exposure were categorized into high- (n=17) and low- sunshine-exposure (n = 18) subgroups. Single photon emission computed tomography with [(123)I] iodo-benzamide was used to measure striatal dopamine D(2)/D(3) receptor availability. RESULTS: Striatal dopamine D(2)/D(3) receptor availability was significantly greater in the subjects with high sunshine exposure than in those with low sunshine exposure (F=7.97, p=0.01) after controlling for age, sex, and smoking status. LIMITATIONS: Different subjects were examined at different time points in our study. In addition, the sex and tobacco use distributions differed between groups. CONCLUSION: The central dopaminergic system may play a role in the neurobiological characteristics of sunshine exposure variation. Article Published Date : Sep 25, 2010

Abstract Title: Frequency of nutritional rickets in children admitted with severe pneumonia. Abstract Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2010 Sep;60(9):729-32. PMID: 21381578 Abstract Author(s): Nighat Haider, Abdul Ghaffar Nagi, Khalid Mehmood A Khan Article Affiliation: Department of Paediatric Medicine, National Institute of Child Health, Karachi. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of nutritional rickets in children hospitalized with severe pneumonia. METHOD: This study was carried out at the department of paediatric medicine at National Institute of Child Health Karachi. It is a case series done over a period of six months from 15th November 2008 to 15th may 2009. Patients admitted (n=137) with severe pneumonia were included in the study and were investigated for presence of rickets with serum calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase. Those having low to normal calcium low phosphorus and raised alkaline phosphatase were labeled as having rickets. All data collected were entered on Performa. Children with familial, vitamin D dependent/resistant rickets, secondary rickets, and cerebral palsy or on anti convulsant therapy were excluded from this study. RESULTS: Out of 137 patients, with severe pneumonia, 83 were male and 54 female. Frequency of nutritional rickets in children with severe pneumonia was observed in 101(74%) cases. Rickets was more common in 2 to 12 months of age, i.e., 79.8% (67/84) and in those children who were breast fed (85.3% vs. 40%). Frequency was higher in those children who were not exposed to sunlight. CONCLUSION: Pneumonia is a very common presentation of rickets. This study suggests that rickets may be more common in children who are breast fed and those who have less exposure to sunlight. Article Published Date : Sep 01, 2010

Abstract Title: The effect of solar cycles on human lifespan in the 50 United states: variation in light affects the human genome. Abstract Source: Med Hypotheses. 2010 Jul;75(1):17-25. Epub 2010 May 7. PMID: 20452128 Abstract Author(s): Walter E Lowell, George E Davis Article Affiliation: Psybernetics, Inc. (Research Group), 28 Eastern Ave., Augusta, ME 04330, USA. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Abstract: This paper describes the Sun's effect on the human genome as it relates to lifespan and expands our previous study from the State of Maine to the entire United States and the District of Columbia. In the current study we report that those persons conceived and likely born during the peaks (MAX approximately 3years) of approximately 11-year solar cycles lived an average 1.7years less than those conceived and likely born during non-peaks (MIN approximately 8years). Increased energy at solar MAX, albeit relatively a small 0.1% increase from MIN, apparently modifies the human genome/epigenome and engenders changes that predispose to various diseases, thereby shortening lifespan. It is likely that same energy increases beneficial variety in the genome which may enhance adaptability in a changing environment. This study also reports that living at higher elevations increases exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and increases the difference between MAX and MIN in the six states at the highest elevations of their population centroids by approximately 13%, further shortening average lifespan about 3 months. How solar energy affects the genome is still not clear. The mechanism could be quantum mechanical (direct effects at a distance) similar to photosynthesis, or mediated by maternal hormones, chemokines or cytokines. The hypothesis is that specific wavelengths of UVR, experienced at critical times in development as at conception or early gestation, and with specific intensity or rate of change, modulates the expression of human diseases. This hypothesis could be readily testable in mice bred to manifest specific diseases. Article Published Date : Jul 01, 2010

Abstract Title: Solar spectral lines ("solar halo")--healing or harmful for the retina? Abstract Source: Coll Antropol. 2010 Apr ;34 Suppl 2:127-9. PMID: 21302711 Abstract Author(s): Bozo Vojniković, Sanja Njirić Article Affiliation: Daily Eye Clinic Dr. Boto Vojniković, Rijeka, Croatia. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Abstract: The sungazing method has been known for thousands of years as healing method based on chromotherapeutic principle. Our examinations on the island of Rab show that it is acceptable only if applied 10 min before the sunset. Gazing has to be directed towards the green-yellow part of the spectrum, since the remaining part of the sun halo contains harmful energy. However, authors suggest that it would be preferable to use spectacles with medical filters transmitting wavelight of green-yellow colour, especially for treatment of macular degeneration. Article Published Date : Apr 01, 2010

Abstract Title: Light exposure patterns in healthy older and young adults. Abstract Source: J Biol Rhythms. 2010 Apr;25(2):113-22. PMID: 20348462 Abstract Author(s): Karine Scheuermaier, Alison M Laffan, Jeanne F Duffy Article Affiliation: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Abstract: Aging is associated with an earlier timing of circadian rhythms and a shorter phase angle between wake time and the timing of melatonin secretion or the core body temperature nadir. Light has a phase-dependent effect on the circadian pacemaker, and modifications of habitual light exposure in older people could contribute to a change in the timing of circadian rhythms or in the phase angle of entrainment. In this study, we compare natural light exposure of community-dwelling older and young subjects studied at the same time of year, focusing on the pattern of light exposure across the waking day. We recorded light exposure data for 3 to 8 days from 22 older (aged 66.01 +/- 5.83) and 22 young subjects (aged 23.41 +/- 4.57), living at home on self-selected sleepwake schedules, and matched for time of year. All subjects were from New England (latitude 42.3 degrees N to 43 degrees N). We compared the percentage of the waking day spent by older and young subjects at 4 different light levels (from very dim to very bright). We compared hourly averaged light exposure data in each group according to clock time and with respect to each subject's daily sleepwake times. Although both age groups spent more than half of their waking hours in dim or moderate room light intensity (<100 lux), we found that the older subjects spent a significantly greater percentage of their waking day in the brighter light levels (>or =1000 lux); their hourly averaged light exposure levels were also significantly greater whether we examined the data with respect to absolute clock time, to wake time, or to bed time, and this was true across all seasons. We found that healthy older people were exposed to significantly higher levels of light throughout their waking day than young people. Differences in natural light exposure may contribute to the age-related phase advance of the circadian pacemaker and its later timing relative to the sleepwake cycle. This hypothesis should be explored further in carefully designed prospective studies. Article Published Date : Apr 01, 2010

Abstract Title: Occupational sunlight exposure and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Abstract Source: Cancer. 2010 Mar 8. Epub 2010 Mar 8. PMID: 20213683 Abstract Author(s): Sara Karami, Paolo Boffetta, Patricia Stewart, Nathaniel Rothman, Katherine L Hunting, Mustafa Dosemeci, Sonja I Berndt, Paul Brennan, Wong-Ho Chow, Lee E Moore Article Affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland. Abstract: BACKGROUND:: Recent findings indicate that vitamin D obtained from ultraviolet (UV) exposure may reduce the risk of several different cancers. Vitamin D is metabolized to its active form within the kidney, which is the major organ for vitamin D metabolism and activity. Because both the incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency have increased over the past few decades, in the current study, the authors explored whether occupational UV exposure was associated with RCC risk. METHODS:: A hospital-based, case-control study of 1097 patients with RCC (cases) and 1476 controls was conducted in 4 Central and Eastern European countries. Demographic and occupational information was collected to examine the association between occupational UV exposure and RCC risk. RESULTS:: A significant reduction (24%-38%) in the risk of RCC was observed with increasing occupational UV exposure among men who participated in the study. No association between UV exposure and RCC risk was observed among women who participated. When the analyses were stratified by latitude as another estimate of sunlight intensity, a stronger reduction (71%-73%) in the risk of RCC was observed between UV exposure and cancer risk among men who resided at the highest latitudes. CONCLUSIONS:: The current results suggested that, among men, there is an inverse association between occupational UV exposure and the risk of RCC. Replication studies are warranted to confirm these results. Cancer 2010. Published 2010 by the American Cancer Society. Article Published Date : Mar 08, 2010

Abstract Title: Low maternal exposure to ultraviolet radiation in pregnancy, month of birth, and risk of multiple sclerosis in offspring: longitudinal analysis. Abstract Source: BMJ. 2010;340:c1640. Epub 2010 Apr 29. PMID: 21030361 Abstract Author(s): Judith Staples, Anne-Louise Ponsonby, Lynette Lim Article Affiliation: National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate the distribution of month of birth in people with multiple sclerosis in Australia. To use the large regional and seasonal variation in ambient ultraviolet radiation in Australia to explore the association between exposure to ultraviolet radiation during pregnancy and subsequent risk of multiple sclerosis in offspring. DESIGN: Data were gathered on birth month and year (1920-1950), sex, and state of birth for all patients surveyed in 1981 in Queensland, Western Australia, New South Wales (including Australian Capital Territory), South Australia, and Hobart (Tasmania). Population denominators were derived from the 1981 census and supplementary birth registration data. A variable for exposure to ambient ultraviolet radiation "at birth" was generated from monthly averages of daily total ambient ultraviolet radiation for each region. Negative binomial regression models were used to investigate exposure to ambient ultraviolet radiation at birth and at various intervals before birth. SETTING: Patient data from multiple sclerosis prevalence surveys carried out in 1981; 1981 Australian census (giving the total number of people born in Australia and still alive and living in Australia in 1981 by year of birth 1920-50); supplementary Australian birth registration data covering the same birth years by month and state. PARTICIPANTS: 1524 patients with multiple sclerosis born in Australia 1920-50 from total population of 2 468 779. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Cumulative incidence rate of multiple sclerosis. RESULTS: There was a pattern of risk of multiple sclerosis with month of birth (adjusted incidence rate ratio 1.32, 95% confidence interval 1.10 to 1.58, P<0.01, for those born in November-December compared with those born in May-June). This pattern mirrored that previously reported in the northern hemisphere. Region of birth was related to risk. After adjustment for region of birth and other factors, there was an inverse association between ambient ultraviolet radiation in the first trimester and risk of multiple sclerosis (with≥25 erythemal (skin reddening) dose units as reference (that is, adjusted incidence rate ratio=1.00), the rates were 1.54 (1.10 to 2.16) for 20-<25 units; 1.58 (1.12 to 2.22) for 15-<20 units; 1.65 (1.17 to 2.33) for 10-<15 units; 1.65 (1.18 to 2.29) for 5-<10 units; and 1.67 (1.18 to 2.37) for<5 units). After adjustment for this exposure during early pregnancy, there was no residual association between month of birth and multiple sclerosis. CONCLUSION: Region of birth and low maternal exposure to ultraviolet radiation in the first trimester are independently associated with subsequent risk of multiple sclerosis in offspring in Australia. Article Published Date : Jan 01, 2010

Abstract Title: Sunlight exposure and development of rickets in Indian toddlers. Abstract Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2010 Jan;77(1):61-5. PMID: 19936652 Abstract Author(s): V H Ekbote, A V Khadilkar, M Z Mughal, N Hanumante, N Sanwalka, V V Khadilkar, S A Chiplonkar, S Kant, R Ganacharya Article Affiliation: Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the role of sunlight exposure in determining the vitamin D status of underprivileged toddlers. METHODS: Height and weight were measured, clinical examination was performed, Food Frequency Questionnaire was administered and history of sunlight exposure was obtained in all (61) toddlers attending daytime crèche (Group B). Ionised calcium (iCa), inorganic Phosphorous (iP), alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 25 Hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) were measured. Data were compared with results of a survey measuring similar parameters in 51 (of 251 eligible) toddlers from thesame slum (Group A). RESULTS: 111 children (mean age 2.6 yr (0.7), boys 56) were studied. Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D was 77% in group B toddlers (46 of 60) and 16.4% (10 of 61) had rickets, while none of the group A toddlers had 25OHD levels below 30 nmol/L. Four children (7.8%) from Group A as against 24 (42.9%) from Group B, had sunshine exposure of<30 minutes per day. CONCLUSION: Underprivileged toddlers who were deprived of sunlight had a much greater incidence of hypovitaminosis D and frank rickets. The study has important public health implications and underscores the necessity for sunlight exposure in young children. Article Published Date : Jan 01, 2010

Abstract Title: Life course sun exposure and risk of prostate cancer: population-based nested case-control study and meta-analysis. Abstract Source: Int J Cancer. 2009 Sep 15;125(6):1414-23. PMID: 19444909 Abstract Author(s): Rebecca Gilbert, Chris Metcalfe, Steven E Oliver, David C Whiteman, Chris Bain, Andy Ness, Jenny Donovan, Freddie Hamdy, David E Neal, J Athene Lane, Richard M Martin Article Affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Abstract: There is currently no means of primary prevention for prostate cancer. Increased exposure to ultraviolet-radiation may be protective, but the literature is inconclusive. We investigated associations of life course exposure to sunlight with prostate cancer. The study design was a UK-wide nested case-control study, based on 1,020 prostate specific antigen-detected cases and 5,044 matched population controls and a systematic review with meta-analysis. Men with olive/brown skin (OR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.00 to 2.17), men who burnt rarely/never (OR = 1.11; 0.95 to 1.29) and men with the lowest levels of intense sun exposure in the 2 years prior to diagnosis (OR = 1.24; 1.03 to 1.50) had an increased prostate cancer risk. However, amongst men with prostate cancer, spending less time outside was associated with a reduced risk of advanced cancer (OR = 0.49; 0.27 to 0.89) and high Gleason grade (OR = 0.62; 0.43 to 0.91), and men who burnt rarely/never had a reduced risk of advanced cancer (OR = 0.71; 0.47 to 1.08). The meta-analysis provided weak evidence that men with the lowest (versus highest) sunlight exposure had an increased prostate cancer risk (4 studies, random-effects pooled relative risk = 1.13; 0.98 to 1.29) and higher advanced or fatal prostate cancer risk (6 studies, random-effects pooled relative risk = 1.14; 0.98 to 1.33). Our data and meta-analyses provide limited support for the hypothesis that increased exposure to sunlight may reduce prostate cancer risk. The findings warrant further investigation because of their implications for vitamin D chemoprevention trials. Article Published Date : Sep 15, 2009

Abstract Title: 25 (OH) vitamin D level in Crohn's disease: association with sun exposure&disease activity. Abstract Source: Indian J Med Res. 2009 Aug;130(2):133-7. PMID: 19797809 Abstract Author(s): A J Joseph, Biju George, A B Pulimood, M S Seshadri, Ashok Chacko Article Affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India. Abstract: BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Western studies show that up to 65 per cent of patients with Crohn's disease have low serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations, and 45 per cent of these patients have metabolic bone disease. No data are available from India or from any country with comparable climatic conditions or ethnicity. We carried out this study to measure the serum 25 (OH) vitamin D levels of Crohn's disease patients and compare with matched controls and to assess the consequences of low 25 (OH) vitamin D levels on bone and mineral metabolism in these patients. METHODS: Adult patients with Crohn's disease were compared with age and sex matched patients diagnosed to have irritable bowel syndrome. Serum 25 (OH) vitamin D, the effect of disease characteristics, sunlight exposure and milk consumption on 25 (OH) vitamin D level, and the consequences of low 25 (OH) vitamin D level on bone and mineral metabolism were assessed. RESULTS: Thirty four patients with Crohn's disease (M:F, 24:10, age 39.2 +/- 12.9 yr) and 34 controls (M:F, 24:10, age 38.9 +/- 13.4 yr) were studied. 25 (OH) vitamin D levels were significantly lower in patients with Crohn's disease as compared to controls (Crohn's disease vs controls: 16.3 +/- 10.8 vs 22.8 +/- 11.9 ng/ml; P<0.05). The severity of disease activity as assessed by the Harvey Bradshaw score correlated negatively (Correlation coefficient -0.484, significance P<0.004), and the duration of sunlight exposure correlated positively (Correlation coefficient 0.327, significance P=0.007) with the serum 25 (OH) vitamin D level. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Serum 25 (OH) vitamin D levels were significantly lower among patients with Crohn's disease as compared to age and sex matched controls. Further, 25 (OH) vitamin D levels in patients with Crohn's disease were lower in those with severe disease activity and less sun exposure. Further studies need to be done to correlate low 25 (OH) vitamin D level with bone density and assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation in these patients. Article Published Date : Aug 01, 2009

Abstract Title: Explaining multiple sclerosis prevalence by ultraviolet exposure: a geospatial analysis. Abstract Source: Mult Scler. 2009 Aug;15(8):891-8. PMID: 19667017 Abstract Author(s): B D Beretich, T M Beretich Article Affiliation: Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA 01605, USA. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies have shown a positive correlation of multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence with latitude. However, there has not been a causal association found. Increased dietary intake and increased serum levels of vitamin D showed to be protective for the development of MS. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation plays an important role in vitamin D synthesis and could potentially explain both latitude differences in MS prevalence and the low levels of vitamin D in individuals with MS. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between UV radiation and MS prevalence using geospatial analysis. METHODS: Geospatial analysis was performed on North American regions and separately for the continental United States. The correlation of UV radiation (measured as UV index [UVI]) versus MS prevalence and UV radiation versus case-control ratios was calculated. In addition, the relative risk (RR) of MS was determined for regions/states with low UV radiation exposure. RESULTS: Case-control ratios by US state and MS prevalence by North American region showed a strong negative (inverse) correlation with UVI (R = -0.72 and -0.86, respectively). The RR for the five highest risk states/lowest UVI versus the five lowest risk states/highest UVI was increased (RR = 1.8-5.4). The RR for MS, when comparing North American regions with lowest and highest UVI, was 3.78 and within US regions was 1.52. CONCLUSION: This analysis suggests a strong association between UV radiation and MS distribution, and an increase in risk for MS in those areas with a low UVI. Article Published Date : Aug 01, 2009

Abstract Title: Effect of sunlight exposure on cognitive function among depressed and non-depressed participants: a REGARDS cross-sectional study. Abstract Source: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2009 Aug;66(16):2759-71. Epub 2009 Jul 5. PMID: 19638195 Abstract Author(s): Shia T Kent, Leslie A McClure, William L Crosson, Donna K Arnett, Virginia G Wadley, Nalini Sathiakumar Article Affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Possible physiological causes for the effect of sunlight on mood are through the suprachiasmatic nuclei and evidenced by serotonin and melatonin regulation and its associations with depression. Cognitive function involved in these same pathways may potentially be affected by sunlight exposure. We evaluated whether the amount of sunlight exposure (i.e. insolation) affects cognitive function and examined the effect of season on this relationship. METHODS: We obtained insolation data for residential regions of 16,800 participants from a national cohort study of blacks and whites, aged 45+. Cognitive impairment was assessed using a validated six-item screener questionnaire and depression status was assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Logistic regression was used to find whether same-day or two-week average sunlight exposure was related to cognitive function and whether this relationship differed by depression status. RESULTS: Among depressed participants, a dose-response relationship was found between sunlight exposure and cognitive function, with lower levels of sunlight associated with impaired cognitive status (odds ratio = 2.58; 95% CI 1.43-6.69). While both season and sunlight were correlated with cognitive function, a significant relation remained between each of them and cognitive impairment after controlling for their joint effects. CONCLUSION: The study found an association between decreased exposure to sunlight and increased probability of cognitive impairment using a novel data source. We are the first to examine the effects of two-week exposure to sunlight on cognition, as well as the first to look at sunlight's effects on cognition in a large cohort study. Article Published Date : Aug 01, 2009

Abstract Title: The possible roles of solar ultraviolet-B radiation and vitamin D in reducing case-fatality rates from the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in the United States. Abstract Source: Dermatoendocrinol. 2009 Jul;1(4):215-9. PMID: 20592793 Abstract Author(s): William B Grant, Edward Giovannucci Abstract: Deaths during the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic have been linked to both the influenza virus and secondary bacterial lung infections. Case fatality rates and percentage of influenza cases complicated by pneumonia were available from survey data for twelve United States locations in the 1918-1919 pandemic. This study analyzes case fatality rates and cases complicated by pneumonia with respect to estimated summertime and wintertime solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) doses as indicators of population mean vitamin D status. Substantial correlations were found for associations of July UVB dose with case fatality rates (r = -0.72, p = 0.009) and rates of pneumonia as a complication of influenza (r = -0.77, p = 0.005). Similar results were found for wintertime UVB. Vitamin D upregulates production of human cathelicidin, LL-37, which has both antimicrobial and antiendotoxin activities. Vitamin D also reduces the production of proinflammatory cytokines, which could also explain some of the benefit of vitamin D since H1N1 infection gives rise to a cytokine storm. The potential role of vitamin D status in reducing secondary bacterial infections and loss of life in pandemic influence requires further evaluation. Article Published Date : Jul 01, 2009

Abstract Title: Increased UVA exposures and decreased cutaneous Vitamin D(3) levels may be responsible for the increasing incidence of melanoma. Abstract Source: Med Hypotheses. 2009 Apr;72(4):434-43. Epub 2009 Jan 19. PMID: 19155143 Abstract Author(s): Dianne E Godar, Robert J Landry, Anne D Lucas Article Affiliation: US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue (HFZ-120), Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Abstract: Cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) has been increasing at a steady exponential rate in fair-skinned, indoor workers since before 1940. A paradox exists between indoor and outdoor workers because indoor workers get three to nine times less solar UV (290-400 nm) exposure than outdoor workers get, yet only indoor workers have an increasing incidence of CMM. Thus, another "factor(s)" is/are involved that increases the CMM risk for indoor workers. We hypothesize that one factor involves indoor exposures to UVA (321-400 nm) passing through windows, which can cause mutations and can break down vitamin D(3) formed after outdoor UVB (290-320 nm) exposure, and the other factor involves low levels of cutaneous vitamin D(3). After vitamin D(3) forms, melanoma cells can convert it to the hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), or calcitriol, which causes growth inhibition and apoptotic cell death in vitro and in vivo. We measured the outdoor and indoor solar irradiances and found indoor solar UVA irradiances represent about 25% (or 5-10 W/m(2)) of the outdoor irradiances and are about 60 times greater than fluorescent light irradiances. We calculated the outdoor and indoor UV contributions toward different biological endpoints by weighting the emission spectra by the action spectra: erythema, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma (fish), and previtamin D(3). Furthermore, we found production of previtamin D(3) only occurs outside where there is enough UVB. We agree that intense, intermittent outdoor UV overexposures and sunburns initiate CMM; we now propose that increased UVA exposures and inadequately maintained cutaneous levels of vitamin D(3) promotes CMM. Article Published Date : Apr 01, 2009

Abstract Title: Impact of solar radiation in disinfecting drinking water contaminated with Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar at a point-of-use water treatment. Abstract Source: J Appl Microbiol. 2009 Mar;106(3):847-52. Epub 2009 Jan 15. PMID: 19191972 Abstract Author(s): S Mtapuri-Zinyowera, N Midzi, C E Muchaneta-Kubara, T Simbini, T Mduluza Article Affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe. Abstract: AIMS: To determine the impact of natural sunlight in disinfecting water contaminated with cysts of Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar using plastic containers. METHODS AND RESULTS: Known quantities of Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar cysts in sterile water were exposed to the sun. Containers were made of polyethylene terephthalate, eight painted black on one side, one not painted and another cut open at the top and the last was a high density polypropylene container. Viability testing was performed using vital and fluorescent dyes. The same assays were conducted under cloudy conditions. Thermal control tests were also performed using heat without ultra violet light from the sun. Results show that 99.9% of parasites was inactivated when water temperatures reached 56 degrees C after sunlight exposure. CONCLUSION: Both solar radiation and heat produced by the sun have a synergistic effect in killing cysts of Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar when temperatures rise above 50 degrees C, with complete death at 56 degrees C, using painted 2-l PET containers. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Solar disinfection system using PET containers painted black on one side can be used to disinfect water against Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar using natural sunlight. Article Published Date : Mar 01, 2009

Abstract Title: Protective effects of a topical antioxidant mixture containing vitamin C, ferulic acid, and phloretin against ultraviolet-induced photodamage in human skin. Abstract Source: J Cosmet Dermatol. 2008 Dec ;7(4):290-7. PMID: 19146606 Abstract Author(s): Christian Oresajo, Thomas Stephens, Peter D Hino, Robert M Law, Margarita Yatskayer, Peter Foltis, Sreekumar Pillai, Sheldon R Pinnell Article Affiliation: Christian Oresajo Abstract: BACKGROUND: Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of the skin leads to acute inflammatory reactions, such as erythema, sunburn, and chronic reactions, including premature skin aging and skin cancer. AIM: In this study, the effects of a topical antioxidant mixture consisting of vitamin C, ferulic acid, and phloretin on attenuating the harmful effects of UV irradiation on normal healthy volunteers were studied using biomarkers of skin damage. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Ten subjects (age, 18-60 years; Fitzpatrick skin types II and III) were randomized and treated with antioxidant product or vehicle control on the lower back for four consecutive days. On day 3, the minimal erythema dose (MED) was determined for each subject at a different site on the back. On day 4, the two test sites received solar-simulated UV irradiation 1-5x MED at 1x MED intervals. On day 5, digital images were taken, and 4-mm punch biopsies were collected from the two 5x MED test sites and a control site from each subject for morphology and immunohistochemical studies. RESULTS: UV irradiation significantly increased the erythema of human skin in a linear manner from 1x to 5x MED. As early as 24 h after exposure to 5x MEDs of UV irradiation, there were significant increases in sunburn cell formation, thymine dimer formation, matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression, and p53 protein expression. All these changes were attenuated by the antioxidant composition. UV irradiation also suppressed the amount of CD1a-expressing Langerhans cells, indicating immunosuppressive effects of a single 5x MED dose of UV irradiation. Pretreatment of skin with the antioxidant composition blocked this effect. CONCLUSION: This study confirms the protective role of a unique mixture of antioxidants containing vitamin C, ferulic acid, and phloretin on human skin from the harmful effects of UV irradiation. Phloretin, in addition to being a potent antioxidant, may stabilize and increase the skin availability of topically applied vitamin C and ferulic acid. We propose that antioxidant mixture will complement and synergize with sunscreens in providing photoprotection for human skin. Article Published Date : Nov 30, 2008

Abstract Title: Sun exposure, birth weight, and childhood lymphomas: a case control study in Greece. Abstract Source: Cancer Causes Control. 2007 Nov;18(9):1031-7. Epub 2007 Jul 26. PMID: 17653828 Abstract Author(s): Eleni Th Petridou, Stavroula K Dikalioti, Alkistis Skalkidou, Elisabeth Andrie, Nick Dessypris, Dimitrios Trichopoulos, Article Affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Athens University Medical School, 75 Mikras Asias Str., Athens 11527, Greece. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To explore whether the inverse association of sun exposure with non Hodgkin lymphoma among adults is also evident among the childhood population and test the specificity of the relation by contrasting the findings to those for Hodgkin lymphoma. METHODS: A total of 87 cases of childhood (0-14 years) with non Hodgkin lymphoma and 71 with Hodgkin lymphoma, diagnosed in Greece through the national network of childhood Hematology-Oncology Units, during a 7-year period, along with 164 age- and gender-matched control children were enrolled in the study. The guardians of all eligible children were interviewed in person on the basis of a structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic, anthropometric, and perinatal characteristics. Average time of sunbathing per year at a seaside resort was used as a proxy variable of exposure to sun controlling for use of sun protection measures. RESULTS: The estimated incidence of 10.2 cases per 1,000,000 children-years {95% Confidence Intervals (CI), 8.4-12.1} for NHL during the study period in Greece is around the average figure in countries of the European Union. There was an inverse association of sun exposure with Non Hodgkin lymphoma, namely, for an increment of 15 days of sunbathing at seaside resorts children had almost 40% lower risk (Odds Ratio: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.43-0.83), whereas no such association was evident for Hodgkin lymphoma. The risk for non Hodgkin lymphoma has been found to be statistically and significantly higher in birth weight (Odds ratio: 1.42 and 95% CI, 1.04-1.92, for every 500 g increment), whereas there was no substantial indication that maternal education or maternal smoking during the child's life were important risk factors for the disease. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to provide epidemiological evidence that increased sun exposure of children may also be associated with a decreased risk of developing childhood non Hodgkin, but not Hodgkin lymphoma. Article Published Date : Nov 01, 2007

Abstract Title: Ultraviolet radiation, dietary vitamin D, and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (United States). Abstract Source: Cancer Causes Control. 2006 Oct;17(8):1045-52. PMID: 16933055 Abstract Author(s): Patricia Hartge, Unhee Lim, D Michal Freedman, Joanne S Colt, James R Cerhan, Wendy Cozen, Richard K Severson, Scott Davis Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Because of conflicting findings about the relationship between ultraviolet (UV) radiation and the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), we evaluated the risk of several indicators related to UV, including two not previously studied: dietary vitamin D, and ambient UV levels by residential location. METHODS: As part of a case-control study conducted in four Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries, we collected UV information from a self-administered questionnaire and computer-assisted personal interview with 551 NHL cases and 462 controls. We estimated the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from unconditional logistic regression models. RESULTS: Eye color, a marker of host susceptibility to UV, showed a decreasing risk gradient for lightest eyes (0.47) compared to darkest. Relative risks were in the range of 0.73-0.78 for participants reporting more hours in the mid-day summer sun. Use of sunlamps or tanning booths was associated with decreased risk (RR = 0.88), as was estimated overall ambient UV (RR = 0.76 per 50 RB-units) overall. Vitamin D intake from diet and supplements was not related to risk. Results were thus consistent for the various indicators, although some estimated risks were not statistically significant. Effects were generally similar for diffuse large B-cell (DLBCL) and follicular lymphomas. CONCLUSION: These data suggest a slight protective effect of sunlight against NHL, and they agree with geographic patterns of NHL incidence observed in the US. Article Published Date : Oct 01, 2006

Abstract Title: An adjunctive preventive treatment for cancer: ultraviolet light and ginkgo biloba, together with other antioxidants, are a safe and powerful, but largely ignored, treatment option for the prevention of cancer. Abstract Source: Med Hypotheses. 2006;66(6):1152-6. Epub 2006 Feb 17. PMID: 16483725 Abstract Author(s): Robert Eli, James A Fasciano Abstract: Cancer has surpassed heart disease as the leading cause of death in the United States. The mortality rate for cancer is high (roughly 42%), and it increases dramatically with increasing age, especially in patients between the ages of 40 and 60 years old. Currently, the efforts at cancer prevention have been minimal. The drugs developed so far are expensive and have serious side effects. There are at least 18 vitamin D-sensitive cancers. Ultraviolet light, and specifically ultraviolet B (UVB), could reduce cancer by the limited exposure of suitable skin areas to UVB of an intensity and duration insufficient to produce skin cancer. An irrational fear of skin cancer is preventing this idea from being implemented. Though skin cancer incidence is significant, mortality from skin cancer is relatively rare. Roughly 1,000,000 Americans will be affected by skin cancer but only 10,000 deaths are expected in 2005 (a 1% mortality rate). Skin cancer is easily detected and often cured by excisional biopsy alone. Current practice among practicing clinicians is to use a prescription drug substitute for UV light, calcitriol (1-25 dihydroxycholcalciferol). However, high levels of (calcitriol) are dangerous, and there is no consensus on just what a high dose or a safe dose is. Apart from skin cancer, UV light exposure possesses few risks. Additionally, a number of botanical agents such as ginkgo biloba, vitamins E and C, carotenoids, selenium and proanthocyanidins can prevent the risk of skin cancer. Ginkgo biloba also possess the following additional cancer chemopreventive qualities: (1) promoting apoptosis of cancer cells; (2) an anti-clastogenic effect on chromosomes by repairing and reconstituting broken and damaged chromosomes; (3) a powerful therapeutic effect on the treatment of fibrosis-related cancer; (4) a therapeutic effect on free radical-induced cancer; (5) a therapeutic effect on the treatment of cancer incident to the result of numerous carcinogens; (6) a therapeutic effect on preventing free radical-induced cancer; (7) an enhancing effect on radiation therapy in the treatment of cancer; and (8) a therapeutic effect on reducing the size of cancer tumors. Ginkgo biloba is widely-used and has few adverse effects. The proposed preventive treatment for cancer consists of short intermittent exposure of the least sensitive areas of the body to sunlight and/or artificial ultraviolet light. The routine testing of plasma vitamin D levels help monitor the effectiveness of the treatment and periodic checkups with a dermatologist help monitor the safety. Article Published Date : Jan 01, 2006

Abstract Title: Amelioration of osteoporosis and hypovitaminosis D by sunlight exposure in hospitalized, elderly women with Alzheimer's disease: a randomized controlled trial. Abstract Source: J Bone Miner Res. 2005 Aug;20(8):1327-33. Epub 2005 Apr 4. PMID: 16007329 Abstract Author(s): Yoshihiro Sato, Jun Iwamoto, Tomohiro Kanoko, Kei Satoh Article Affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mitate Hospital, 3237 Yugeta, Tagawa, Japan. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Abstract: In a random and prospective study, Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients were assigned to regular sunlight exposure (n = 132) or sunlight deprivation (n = 132) and followed for 1 year. Serum 25-OHD level increased by 2.2-fold in the sunlight-exposed group. Eleven patients sustained fractures in the sunlight-deprived group, and three fractures occurred among the sunlight-exposed group (p = 0.0362; odds ratio = 3.7). INTRODUCTION: A high incidence of fractures, particularly of the hip, represents an important problem in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), who are prone to falls and have osteoporosis. We previously showed that 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) deficiency caused by sunlight deprivation with compensatory hyperparathyroidism causes reduced BMD in elderly women with AD. This study was undertaken to address the possibility that sunlight exposure with calcium supplementation may maintain BMD and reduce the incidence of nonvertebral fractures in elderly women with AD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a random and prospective study, AD patients were assigned to regular sunlight exposure (n = 132) or sunlight deprivation (n = 132) and followed for 1 year. BMD of the second metacarpal bone was measured using a computed X-ray densitometer (CXD). The CXD method measures BMD and cortical thickness at the middle of the second metacarpal bone on a radiogram of the hand and an aluminum step wedge as a standard (20 steps; 1 mm/step). Incidence of nonvertebral fractures in the two patient groups during the 1-year follow-up period was assessed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At baseline, average hospitalization period was 1.7 years in both groups, and activity of daily living (ADL) was decreased. Patients of both groups showed vitamin D deficiency caused by sunlight deprivation and decreased dietary intake of vitamin D with compensatory hyperparathyroidism. The exposed group patients were exposed to sunlight (3615 minutes/year). BMD increased by 2.7% in the sunlight-exposed group and decreased by 5.6% in the sunlight-deprived group (p<0.0001). Serum 25-OHD level increased from 24.0 to 52.2 nM in the sunlight-exposed group. Eleven patients sustained fractures in the sunlight-deprived group, and three fractures occurred among the sunlight-exposed group (p = 0.0362; odds ratio = 3.7). Sunlight exposure can increase the BMD of vitamin D-deficient bone by increasing 25-OHD concentration and lead to the prevention of nonvertebral fractures. Article Published Date : Aug 01, 2005

Abstract Title: Curcumin inhibits the expression of COX-2 in UVB-irradiated human keratinocytes (HaCaT) by inhibiting activation of AP-1: p38 MAP kinase and JNK as potential upstream targets. Abstract Source: Exp Mol Med. 2005 Jun 30;37(3):186-92. PMID: 16000872 Abstract Author(s): Jae-We Cho, Kun Park, Gi Ryang Kweon, Byeong-Churl Jang, Won-Ki Baek, Min-Ho Suh, Chang-Wook Kim, Kyu-Suk Lee, Seong-Il Suh Article Affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Keimyung University, School of Medicine, 194 DongSan-dong Jung-gu, Daegu 700-712, Korea. Abstract: Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation of skin induces an acute inflammation. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein plays key roles in acute inflammation in UVB-irradiated keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. Recently, curcumin has been regarded as a promising anti-inflammatory agent due to its ability to inhibit COX-2 expression. However, it remains largely unknown whether curcumin inhibits the UVB-induced COX-2 expression in HaCaT cells. This study was undertaken to clarify the effect of curcumin on the expression of COX-2 in UVB- irradiated HaCaT cells and further determined the molecular mechanisms associated with this process. In this study, we have found that the expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein were up-regulated in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Interestingly, treatment with curcumin strongly inhibited COX-2 mRNA and protein expressions in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. Notably, there was effective inhibition by curcumin on UVB-induced activations of p38 MAPK and JNK in HaCaT cells. The DNA binding activity of AP-1 transcription factor was also markedly decreased with curcumin treatment in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. These results collectively suggest that curcumin may inhibit COX- 2 expression by suppressing p38 MAPK and JNK activities in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. We propose that curcumin may be applied as an effective and novel sunscreen drug for the protection of photoinflammation. Article Published Date : Jun 30, 2005

Abstract Title: Ultraviolet radiation exposure and risk of malignant lymphomas. Abstract Source: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Feb 2;97(3):199-209. PMID: 15687363 Abstract Author(s): Karin Ekström Smedby, Henrik Hjalgrim, Mads Melbye, Anna Torrång, Klaus Rostgaard, Lars Munksgaard, Johanna Adami, Mads Hansen, Anna Porwit-MacDonald, Bjarne Anker Jensen, Göran Roos, Bjarne Bach Pedersen, Christer Sundström, Bengt Glimelius, Hans-Olov Adami Article Affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant lymphomas has been increasing rapidly, but the causes of these malignancies remain poorly understood. One hypothesis holds that exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation increases lymphoma risk. We tested this hypothesis in a population-based case-control study in Denmark and Sweden. METHODS: A total of 3740 patients diagnosed between October 1, 1999, and August 30, 2002, with incident malignant lymphomas, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and Hodgkin lymphoma, and 3187 population controls provided detailed information on history of UV exposure and skin cancer and information on other possible risk factors for lymphomas. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by logistic regression. Statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: Multivariable-adjusted analyses revealed consistent, statistically significant negative associations between various measures of UV light exposure and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. A high frequency of sun bathing and sunburns at age 20 years and 5-10 years before the interview and sun vacations abroad were associated with 30%-40% reduced risks of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (e.g., for sunbathing four times a week or more at age 20 versus never sunbathing, OR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.6 to 0.9; for two or more sunburns a year at age 20 versus no sunburns, OR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.5 to 0.8). These inverse associations increased in strength with increasing levels of exposure (all P(trend) CONCLUSIONS: A history of high UV exposure was associated with reduced risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The positive association between skin cancer and malignant lymphomas is, therefore, unlikely to be mediated by UV exposure. Article Published Date : Feb 02, 2005

Abstract Title: The effect of sunlight on postoperative analgesic medication use: a prospective study of patients undergoing spinal surgery. Abstract Source: Psychosom Med. 2005 Jan-Feb;67(1):156-63. PMID: 15673638 Abstract Author(s): Jeffrey M Walch, Bruce S Rabin, Richard Day, Jessica N Williams, Krissy Choi, James D Kang Article Affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Exposure to natural sunlight has been associated with improvement in mood, reduced mortality among patients with cancer, and reduced length of hospitalization for patients who have experienced myocardial infarction. Our aim was to evaluate whether the amount of sunlight in a hospital room modifies a patient's psychosocial health, the quantity of analgesic medication used, and the pain medication cost. METHODS: A prospective study of pain medication use was conducted in 89 patients undergoing elective cervical and lumbar spinal surgery where they were housed on either the "bright" or "dim" side of the same hospital unit. Analgesic medication was converted to standard morphine equivalents for interpatient comparison. The intensity of sunlight in each hospital room was measured daily and psychologic questionnaires were administered on the day after surgery and at discharge. RESULTS: Patients staying on the bright side of the hospital unit were exposed to 46% higher-intensity sunlight on average (p = .005). Patients exposed to an increased intensity of sunlight experienced less perceived stress (p = .035), marginally less pain (p = .058), took 22% less analgesic medication per hour (p = .047), and had 21% less pain medication costs (p = .047). Age quartile was the only other variable found to be a predictor of analgesic use, with a significant negative correlation (p<.001). However, patients housed on the bright side of the hospital consistently used less analgesic medications in all age quartiles. CONCLUSION: The exposure postoperatively of patients who have undergone spinal surgery to increased amounts of natural sunlight during their hospital recovery period may result in decreased stress, pain, analgesic medication use, and pain medication costs. Article Published Date : Jan 01, 2005

Abstract Title: Sun exposure may protect against non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a case-control study. Abstract Source: Int J Cancer. 2004 Dec 10;112(5):865-71. PMID: 15386383 Abstract Author(s): Ann Maree Hughes, Bruce K Armstrong, Claire M Vajdic, Jennifer Turner, Andrew E Grulich, Lin Fritschi, Sam Milliken, John Kaldor, Geza Benke, Anne Kricker Article Affiliation: School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Australia. Abstract: Ultraviolet radiation is a hypothesised risk factor for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) but no epidemiological study has examined this association using direct measures of sun exposure in individuals. Adults aged 20-74 years living in NSW and ACT, Australia, were the study population. Cases (704 of 829 invited to take part, 85%) were diagnosed January 2000 to August 2001. Controls (694 of 1,136 invited to take part, 61%) were randomly selected from state electoral rolls and frequency-matched to cases by age, sex and state of residence. A self-administered questionnaire and telephone interview measured outdoor hours on working and nonworking days and vacations at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 years of age. Logistic regression models of NHL and sun exposure contained the 3 matching variables, ethnicity and sun sensitivity measures as covariates. Contrary to expectations, risk of NHL fell with increasing reported sun exposure hours. Relative to 1.0 for the lowest quarter of total sun exposure hours, the odds ratios (ORs) for successively higher quarters were 0.72 (95% CI 0.53-0.98), 0.66 (0.48-0.91) and 0.65 (0.46-0.91) (p(trend)=0.01). The association of sun exposure on nonworking days with NHL was stronger; OR for highest quarter 0.47 (0.34-0.66) (p(trend)=0.0001). Risk also fell with sun exposure on vacations; OR for highest quarter 0.60 (0.43-0.85) (p(trend)=0.003). These associations appeared strongest in women and in childhood. There was little evident trend in risk with exposure on working day. Our results provide strong statistical evidence for an inverse association between sun exposure and NHL. Increasing evidence that vitamin D may protect against cancer makes UV-mediated synthesis of vitamin D a plausible mechanism whereby sun exposure might protect against NHL. Article Published Date : Dec 10, 2004

Abstract Title: Childhood cancer incidence in relation to sunlight exposure. Abstract Source: Psychosom Med. 2004 Jul-Aug;66(4):607-13. PMID: 21102587 Abstract Author(s): J R B Musselman, L G Spector Article Affiliation: Division of Pediatrics, Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is increasing interest in the possible association between cancer incidence and vitamin D through its role as a regulator of cell growth and differentiation. Epidemiological studies in adults and one paediatric study suggest an inverse association between sunlight exposure and cancer incidence. METHODS: We carried out an ecological study using childhood cancer registry data and two population-level surrogates of sunlight exposure, (1) latitude of the registry city or population centroid of the registry nation and (2) annual solar radiation. All models were adjusted for nation-level socioeconomic status using socioeconomic indicators. RESULTS: Latitude and radiation were significantly associated with cancer incidence, and the direction of association was consistent between the surrogates. Findings were not consistent across tumour types. CONCLUSION: Our ecological study offers some evidence to support an association between sunlight exposure and risk of childhood cancer. Article Published Date : Jul 01, 2004

Abstract Title: Amelioration of osteoporosis and hypovitaminosis D by sunlight exposure in stroke patients. Abstract Source: 1: Neurology. 2003 Aug 12;61(3):338-42. PMID:12913194 Abstract Author(s): Yoshihiro Sato, Norifumi Metoki, Jun Iwamoto, Kei Satoh Abstract: BACKGROUND: The authors' previous investigations have disclosed low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) concentrations in 45 patients during long-term hospitalization following stroke (mean 5.9 ng/mL). This 25-OHD deficiency resulted from sunlight deprivation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of sunlight exposure in increasing serum 25-OHD, in reducing the severity of osteoporosis in bone mineral density (BMD), and in decreasing the risk of hip fractures in chronically hospitalized, disabled stroke patients. METHODS: In a 12-month randomized and prospective study of stroke patients, 129 received regular sunlight exposure for 12 months, and the remaining 129 (sunlight-deprived) did not. RESULTS: At baseline, patients of both groups showed vitamin D deficiency. BMD increased by 3.1% in the sunlight-exposed group and decreased by 3.3% in the sunlight-deprived group (p = 0.0001). 25-OHD level increased by fourfold in the sunlight-exposed group. Six patients sustained hip fractures on the hemiplegic side in the sunlight-deprived group, and one hip fracture occurred among the sunlight-exposed group (p = 0421; odds ratio = 6.1). CONCLUSION: Sunlight exposure can increase the BMD of vitamin D-deficient bone by increasing 25-OHD concentration. Article Published Date : Aug 12, 2003

Abstract Title: Prostate cancer risk and exposure to ultraviolet radiation: further support for the protective effect of sunlight. Abstract Source: Cancer Lett. 2003 Mar 31;192(2):145-9. PMID: 12668278 Abstract Author(s): Dhaval Bodiwala, Christopher J Luscombe, Samson Liu, Mark Saxby, Michael French, Peter W Jones, Anthony A Fryer, Richard C Strange Article Affiliation: Department of Urology, North Staffordshire Hospital, Staffordshire, Stoke-on-Trent, UK. Abstract: Recent studies have suggested that exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation may be protective to some internal cancers including that in the prostate. We describe a confirmatory study in 212 prostatic adenocarcinoma and 135 benign prostatic hypertrophy patients designed to determine whether previous findings showing a protective effect for UV exposure could be reproduced. We used a validated questionnaire to obtain data on aspects of lifetime exposure to UV. The data confirmed that higher levels of cumulative exposure, adult sunbathing, childhood sunburning and regular holidays in hot climates were each independently and significantly associated with a reduced risk of this cancer. Article Published Date : Mar 31, 2003

Abstract Title: Effect of heliotherapy on skin and joint symptoms in psoriasis: a 6-month follow-up study. Abstract Source: Br J Dermatol. 1993 Feb;128(2):172-7. PMID: 8457451 Abstract Author(s): E Snellman, J Lauharanta, A Reunanen, C T Jansén, T Jyrkinen-Pakkasvirta, M Kallio, J Luoma, A Aromaa, J Waal Article Affiliation: Social Insurance Institution, Helsinki, Finland. Abstract: The effect of heliotherapy on psoriasis skin lesions and arthritis was studied in a trial comprising 4 weeks of therapy in the Canary Islands and a 6-month follow-up period. A total of 373 patients participated in the heliotherapy and 361 patients completed the follow-up period. The severity of skin lesions was evaluated using a psoriasis severity index (PSI), and that of the arthropathy by using an arthritis index (AI). During heliotherapy, the PSI decreased significantly from the initial median value of 4.5 to the final value of 0.2. A reduction in the PSI of at least 75% was achieved in 84% of the patients. Guttate psoriasis improved significantly better than plaque-type or erythrodermic psoriasis. There was no correlation between skin type and improvement. Initially, 129 patients had symptoms of arthritis. During heliotherapy, the AI decreased significantly from the initial median value of 6 to the final value of 2. The median time until starting another treatment after heliotherapy was 80 days, and the PSI had returned to its original value in 49% of the patients in 6 months. In patients with joint symptoms the AI returned to the pretreatment level within 6 months. A 4-week heliotherapy period effectively cleared psoriasis, alleviated joint symptoms, and reduced both morbidity and treatment requirement to a considerable extent in the ensuing 6-month period. Article Published Date : Feb 01, 1993

Abstract Title: Epidemiological studies of the influence of sunlight on the skin. Abstract Source: Photodermatol. 1989 Apr;6(2):80-4. PMID: 2748434 Abstract Author(s): M Berg Abstract: We examined and interviewed 809 randomly selected individuals (56% women and 44% men, mean age 44 years) from 4 Swedish cities; 1.7% had the sun-reactive skin type I, 26.2% type II, 61.3% type III and 10.7% type IV. Some variations in the distribution of skin types were found between the cities. One hundred subjects (12.4%), mostly women (p less than 0.001), had a history of polymorphous light eruption. People with skin type IV had significantly fewer facial skin problems than the rest of the subjects (p less than 0.05). The majority of subjects with atopic eczema, acne vulgaris or seborrheic dermatitis experienced improvement after exposure to sunlight. Individuals with rosacea also experienced improvement more often than impairment from exposure to sunlight. Facial telangiectases occurred in 57% of the subjects, unilaterally in 8.5% of the cases. The occurrence of telangiectases increased with increasing age (p less than 0.001), increasing sunbathing (p less than 0.01) and poor pigmentation ability (p less than 0.05). Article Published Date : Apr 01, 1989

Abstract Title: Photokilling of bacteria by the natural dye curcumin. Abstract Source: Arch Microbiol. 1989;151(2):183-5. PMID: 2655550 Abstract Author(s): T A Dahl, W M McGowan, M A Shand, V S Srinivasan Article Affiliation: Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, OH 43403. Abstract: Curcumin is a yellow-orange compound derived from the root of Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae family), that has been used as a medicine, spice and coloring agent. Curcumin has proved nontoxic in a number of cell culture and whole animal studies. Curcumin has, however, been reported to have bactericidal effects at very high concentrations. When illuminated, curcumin exerted potent phototoxic effects in micromolar amounts. Gram-negative bacteria displayed greater resistance to curcumin phototoxicity relative to Gram-positive bacteria. Oxygen was required for curcumin phototoxicity. Curcumin binding to cells was not required for photokilling; the reactive intermediate therefore must be relatively long-lived. The mechanism(s) of curcumin phototoxicity may involve hydrogen peroxide production. Singlet excited oxygen was not detected. Article Published Date : Jan 01, 1989