Abstract Title: Effects of Tai Chi Exercise on Cancer-Related Fatigue in Patients With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Undergoing Chemoradiotherapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Abstract Source: J Pain Symptom Manage. 2018 Mar ;55(3):737-744. Epub 2017 Nov 6. PMID: 29122618 Abstract Author(s): Wei Zhou, Yong-Hui Wan, Qian Chen, Yan-Ru Qiu, Xiao-Min Luo Article Affiliation: Wei Zhou Abstract: CONTEXT: Tai Chi exercise has been shown to improve cancer-related fatigue (CRF) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) balance in some cancer patients or survivors; however, such effects are yet to be verified in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy. OBJECTIVES: To explore the effects of Tai Chi exercise on CRF in NPC patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy and then to evaluate ANS information indicated by heart rate variability parameters and their association with CRF. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial of Tai Chi exercise was conducted from January 2014 to August 2015. Participants in the Tai Chi group practiced Tai Chi a one-hour session, five sessions/week during chemoradiotherapy. Participants in the control group received usual care. The primary end points were scores of the multidimensional fatigue symptom inventory-short form (MFSI-SF). Secondary end points were heart rate variability parameters, including normalized low-frequency (nLF) power, normalized high-frequency (nHF) power, and the nLF/nHF ratio, and their association with CRF. RESULTS: One hundred fourteen patients were recruited in this study, and 83 patients completed the trial. The Tai Chi group and the control group had comparable baseline characteristics. After chemoradiotherapy, the Tai Chi group exhibited lower MFSI-SF total score and three negative subscale (general, physical, and emotional fatigue) scores and higher vigor score compared with the control group (P < 0.01 for all). The nLF/nHF ratio was significantly lower in the Tai Chi group compared to the control group after chemoradiotherapy. The MFSI-SF total score was markedly correlated with the nLF/nHF ratio. CONCLUSION: Tai Chi exercise is conducive to alleviate CRF in NPC patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy. The improvement in ANS balance might fit into the process of Tai Chi for CRF management in this population. Article Published Date : Feb 28, 2018

Abstract Title: The Impact of Combined Music and Tai Chi on Depressive Symptoms Among Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Abstract Source: Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2018 Feb 13:1-5. Epub 2018 Feb 13. PMID: 29436896 Abstract Author(s): S J Liao, M P Tan, M C Chong, Y P Chua Article Affiliation: S J Liao Abstract: BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of pharmacological treatment may be limited in older persons. Several studies using Tai Chi or music therapy separately confirmed positive effects in the reduction of depressive symptoms. We conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial to evaluate the possible synergistic effect of combined music and Tai Chi on depressive symptoms. METHODS: One hundred and seven older adults with mild to moderate depressive symptoms were recruited from Ya'an city. Fifty-five participants were cluster randomized to combined music and Tai Chi group for three months, while the other fifty-two individuals were randomized to the control group that entailed routine health education delivered monthly by community nurses. The primary outcome of depressive symptoms was measured with the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) at baseline and monthly for three months. RESULTS: At three-month follow-up, a statistically significant improvement in depressive symptoms was found in the intervention group compared with control group (F(3,315) = 69.661, P<0.001). Following adjustments for socio-demographic data, the true effect of intervention on depressive symptoms was significant (F = 41.725, P<0.01,η= 0.574). CONCLUSIONS: Combined music and Tai Chi reduced depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older persons. This represents an economically viable solution to the management of depression in highly populous developing nations. Article Published Date : Feb 12, 2018

Abstract Title: Tai Chi Improves Cognition and Plasma BDNF in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Abstract Source: Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2018 Feb ;32(2):142-149. Epub 2018 Jan 20. PMID: 29353543 Abstract Author(s): Somporn Sungkarat, Sirinun Boripuntakul, Sirinart Kumfu, Stephen R Lord, Nipon Chattipakorn Article Affiliation: Somporn Sungkarat Abstract: BACKGROUND: Effects of Tai Chi (TC) on specific cognitive function and mechanisms by which TC may improve cognition in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (a-MCI) remain unknown. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of TC on cognitive functions and plasma biomarkers (brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF], tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], and interleukin-10 [IL-10]) in a-MCI. METHODS: A total of 66 older adults with a-MCI (mean age = 67.9 years) were randomized to either a TC (n = 33) or a control group (n = 33). Participants in the TC group learned TC with a certified instructor and then practiced at home for 50 min/session, 3 times/wk for 6 months. The control group received educational material that covered information related to cognition. The primary outcome was cognitive performance, including Logical Memory (LM) delayed recall, Block Design, Digit Span, and Trail Making Test B minus A (TMT B-A). The secondary outcomes were plasma biomarkers, including BDNF, TNF-α, and IL-10. RESULTS: At the end of the trial, performance on the LM and TMT B-A was significantly better in the TC group compared with the control group after adjusting for age, gender, and education ( P<.05). Plasma BDNF level was significantly increased for the TC group, whereas the other outcome measures were similar between the 2 groups after adjusting for age and gender ( P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: TC training significantly improved memory and the mental switching component of executive function in older adults with a-MCI, possibly via an upregulation of BDNF. Article Published Date : Jan 31, 2018

Abstract Title: Effects of Tai Chi exercise on patients with type 2 diabetes. Abstract Source: Med Sport Sci. 2008;52:230-8. PMID: 18487902 Abstract Author(s): Jing Hao Wang Abstract: This study investigated the effects of Tai Chi exercise on the levels of blood glucose, insulin and insulin receptors of patients with type 2 diabetes. Twelve subjects aged 58-75 years old (66.5 +/- 8.5 years) with type 2 diabetes participated in the study. They were trained with the protocol of Tai Chi exercise for 8 weeks. Blood glucose, serum insulin, and insulin receptor activity were measured before and after the 8-week intervention and immediately after a single bout exercise of Tai Chi after the protocol. The results showed that by 8 weeks of Tai Chi exercise, the blood glucose decreased (p<0.05), while high- and low-affinity insulin receptor numbers (r1, r2) and low-affinity insulin receptor binding capacity (R2) increased. Serum insulin increased (p<0.05) but was still within the normal range. After the single bout Tai Chi exercise, blood glucose, high- and low-affinity insulin receptor numbers (r1, r2), and their binding capacity (R1, R2) increased (p<0.05), while serum insulin did not change. The 8-week Tai Chi intervention therefore showed benefits on health status of patients with type 2 diabetes. Article Published Date : Jan 01, 2008

Abstract Title: Revealing the Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Beneficial Effects of Tai Chi: A Neuroimaging Perspective. Abstract Source: Am J Chin Med. 2018 ;46(2):231-259. PMID: 29542330 Abstract Author(s): Angus P Yu, Bjorn T Tam, Christopher W Lai, Doris S Yu, Jean Woo, Ka-Fai Chung, Stanley S Hui, Justina Y Liu, Gao X Wei, Parco M Siu Article Affiliation: Angus P Yu Abstract: Tai Chi Chuan (TCC), a traditional Chinese martial art, is well-documented to result in beneficial consequences in physical and mental health. TCC is regarded as a mind-body exercise that is comprised of physical exercise and meditation. Favorable effects of TCC on body balance, gait, bone mineral density, metabolic parameters, anxiety, depression, cognitive function, and sleep have been previously reported. However, the underlying mechanisms explaining the effects of TCC remain largely unclear. Recently, advances in neuroimaging technology have offered new investigative opportunities to reveal the effects of TCC on anatomical morphologies and neurological activities in different regions of the brain. These neuroimaging findings have provided new clues for revealing the mechanisms behind the observed effects of TCC. In this review paper, we discussed the possible effects of TCC-induced modulation of brain morphology, functional homogeneity and connectivity, regional activity and macro-scale network activity on health. Moreover, we identified possible links between the alterations in brain and beneficial effects of TCC, such as improved motor functions, pain perception, metabolic profile, cognitive functions, mental health and sleep quality. This paper aimed to stimulate further mechanistic neuroimaging studies in TCC and its effects on brain morphology, functional homogeneity and connectivity, regional activity and macro-scale network activity, which ultimately lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of TCC on human health. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2017

Abstract Title: Effects of Tai Chi-based cardiac rehabilitation on aerobic endurance, psychosocial well-being, and cardiovascular risk reduction among patients with coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Abstract Source: Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2017 Dec 1:1474515117749592. Epub 2017 Dec 1. PMID: 29256626 Abstract Author(s): Ting Liu, Aileen Wk Chan, Yun Hong Liu, Ruth E Taylor-Piliae Article Affiliation: Ting Liu Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Tai Chi is an attractive exercise to improve cardiovascular health. This review aimed to synthesize articles written both in Chinese and in English to evaluate the effects of Tai Chi-based cardiac rehabilitation on aerobic endurance, psychosocial well-being and cardiovascular diseases risk reduction for coronary heart diseases patients. METHODS: PRISMA guidelines were used to search major health databases to identify randomized controlled trials or non-randomized controlled clinical trials that evaluated Tai Chi intervention compared with active or non-active control groups in coronary heart disease patients. When suitable, data were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis model. RESULTS: Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Tai Chi groups showed a large and significant improvement in aerobic endurance compared with both active and non-active control interventions (standard mean difference (SMD) 1.12; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.58-1.66; p<0.001). Tai Chi groups also showed a significantly lower level of anxiety (SMD=9.28; CI: 17.46-1.10; p=0.03) and depression (SMD=9.42; CI: 13.59-5.26; p<0.001), and significantly better quality of life (SMD=0.73; 95% CI: 0.39-1.08; p<0.001) compared with non-active control groups. CONCLUSION: Significant effects of Tai Chi have been found in improving aerobic endurance and psychosocial well-being among coronary heart disease patients. Tai Chi could be a cost-effective and safe exercise option in cardiac rehabilitation. However, the effect of Tai Chi on cardiovascular disease risk reduction has not been amply investigated among coronary heart disease patients. Caution is also warranted in view of a small number of studies for this meta-analysis and potential heterogeneity in differences in the varied designs of Tai Chi intervention. Article Published Date : Nov 30, 2017

Abstract Title: A Pilot, Randomized Controlled Study of Tai Chi With Passive and Active Controls in the Treatment of Depressed Chinese Americans. Abstract Source: J Clin Psychiatry. 2017 May ;78(5):e522-e528. PMID: 28570792 Abstract Author(s): Albert S Yeung, Run Feng, Daniel Ju Hyung Kim, Peter M Wayne, Gloria Y Yeh, Lee Baer, Othelia E Lee, John W Denninger, Herbert Benson, Gregory L Fricchione, Jonathan Alpert, Maurizio Fava Article Affiliation: Albert S Yeung Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This pilot, randomized clinical trial investigates the effectiveness of tai chi as the primary treatment for Chinese Americans with major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS: 67 Chinese Americans with DSM-IV MDD and no treatment for depression were recruited between March 2012 and April 2013 and randomized (1:1:1) into a tai chi intervention, an education program, or a waitlisted group for 12 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS₁₇); positive response for this outcome was defined as a decrease in total score of 50% or more, and remission was defined as HDRS₁₇ ≤ 7. RESULTS: Participants (N = 67) were 72% female with a mean age of 54± 13 years. No serious adverse events were reported. After the end of the 12-week intervention, response rates were 25%, 21%, and 56%, and remission rates were 10%, 21%, and 50% for the waitlisted, education, and tai chi intervention groups, respectively. The tai chi group showed improved treatmentresponse when compared to both the waitlisted group (odds ratio [OR] = 2.11; 95% CI, 1.01-4.46) and to the education group (OR = 8.90; 95% CI, 1.17-67.70). Tai chi intervention showed significantly improved remission rate over the waitlisted group (OR = 3.01; 95% CI, 1.25-7.10), and a trend of improved remission compared to the education group (OR = 4.40; 95% CI, 0.78-24.17). CONCLUSIONS: As the primary treatment, tai chi improved treatment outcomes for Chinese Americans with MDD over both passive and active control groups. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01619631. Article Published Date : Apr 30, 2017

Abstract Title: Tai Chi for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Pilot Study. Abstract Source: J Holist Nurs. 2017 Mar 1:898010117697617. Epub 2017 Mar 1. PMID: 29172896 Abstract Author(s): Pao-Feng Tsai, Stephanie Kitch, Jason Y Chang, G Andrew James, Patricia Dubbert, J Vincent Roca, Cheralyn H Powers Article Affiliation: Pao-Feng Tsai Abstract: PURPOSE: Explore the feasibility of a Tai Chi intervention to improve musculoskeletal pain, emotion, cognition, and physical function in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder. DESIGN: Two-phase, one-arm quasi-experimental design. METHOD: Phase 1: 11 participants completed one Tai Chi session, feasibility questionnaire, and were offered participation in Phase 2, a 12-week Tai Chi intervention. Ten participants participated in Phase 2. Pain intensity, interference, physical function scales, an emotional battery, and cognition tests were used for pre- and postintervention outcome measures. Paired t tests and thematic analysis were used for analysis. FINDINGS: In Phase 1, most felt Tai Chi would benefit health (90.9%) and expressed interest in continuing Tai Chi (6.73 out of 7). Phase 2 results showed improvement in fear-affect (raw t = -2.64, p = .03; age adjusted t = -2.90, p = .02), fear-somatic arousal (raw t = -2.53, p = .035), List Sorting Working Memory (raw t = 2.62, p = .031; age adjusted t = 2.96, p = .018), 6-Minute Walk Test ( t = 3.541, p = .008), and current level of Pain Intensity ( t = -4.00, p = .004). CONCLUSIONS: Tai Chi is an acceptable, holistic treatment to individuals with musculoskeletal pain and posttraumatic stress disorder. It may reduce pain, improve emotion, memory, and physical function. Article Published Date : Feb 28, 2017

Abstract Title: The Effect of Tai Chi on Cardiorespiratory Fitness for Coronary Disease Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Abstract Source: Front Physiol. 2017 ;8:1091. Epub 2018 Jan 4. PMID: 29354065 Abstract Author(s): Ying-Li Yang, Ya-Hong Wang, Shuo-Ren Wang, Pu-Song Shi, Can Wang Article Affiliation: Ying-Li Yang Abstract: Tai Chi that originated in China as a martial art is an aerobic exercise with low-to-moderate intensity and may play a role in cardiac rehabilitation.To systematically review the effect of Tai Chi on cardiorespiratory fitness for coronary disease rehabilitation.We performed a search for Chinese and English studies in the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database, Wanfang Data, and China Science and Technology Journal Database. The search strategy included terms relating to or describing Tai Chi and coronary disease, and there were no exclusion criteria for other types of diseases or disorders. Further, bibliographies of the related published systematic reviews were also reviewed. The searches, data extraction, and risk of bias (ROB) assessments were conducted by two independent investigators. Differences were resolved by consensus. RevMan 5.3.0 was used to analyze the study results. We used quantitative synthesis if the included studies were sufficiently homogeneous and performed subgroup analyses for studies with different control groups. To minimize bias in our findings, we used GRADEpro to grade the available evidence.Five studies were enrolled-two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and three nonrandomized controlled trials (N-RCTs)-that included 291 patients. All patients had coronary disease. ROB assessments showed a relatively high selection and detection bias. Meta-analyses showed that compared to other types of low- or moderate-intensity exercise, Tai Chi could significantly improve VOmax [MD = 4.71, 95% CI (3.58, 5.84),<0.00001], but it seemed less effective at improving VOmax as compared to high-intensity exercise. This difference, however, was not statistically significant [MD = -1.10, 95% CI (-2.46, 0.26),= 0.11]. The GRADEpro showed a low level of the available evidence.Compared to no exercise or other types of exercise with low-to-moderate intensity, Tai Chi seems a good choice for coronary disease rehabilitation in improving cardiorespiratory fitness. However, owing to the poor methodology quality, more clinical trials with large sample size, strict randomization, and clear description about detection and reporting processes are needed to further verify the evidence. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2016

Abstract Title: Tai-Chi-Chuan Exercise Improves Pulmonary Function and Decreases Exhaled Nitric Oxide Level in Both Asthmatic and Nonasthmatic Children and Improves Quality of Life in Children with Asthma. Abstract Source: Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017 ;2017:6287642. Epub 2017 Apr 13. PMID: 28491110 Abstract Author(s): Hsin-Chia Lin, Hao-Pai Lin, Hsin-Hui Yu, Li-Chieh Wang, Jyh-Hong Lee, Yu-Tsan Lin, Yao-Hsu Yang, Pei-Yi Li, Wei-Zen Sun, Bor-Luen Chiang Article Affiliation: Hsin-Chia Lin Abstract: Tai-Chi-Chuan (TCC) is an exercise of low-to-moderate intensity which is suitable for asthmatic patients. The aim of our study is to investigate improvements of the lung function, airway inflammation, and quality of life of asthmatic children after TCC. Participants included sixty-one elementary school students and they were divided into asthmatic (n = 29) and nonasthmatic (n = 32) groups by the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. Among them, 20 asthmatic and 18 nonasthmatic children volunteered to participate in a 60-minute TCC exercise weekly for 12 weeks. Baseline and postintervention assessments included forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) level, and Standardised Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ(S)). After intervention, the level of FeNO decreased significantly; PEFR and the FEV1/FVC also improved significantly in both asthmatic group and nonasthmatic group after TCC. The asthmatic children also had improved quality of life after TCC. The results indicated that TCC could improve the pulmonary function and decrease airway inflammation in both children with mild asthma and those without asthma. It also improves quality of life in mild asthmatic children. Nevertheless, further studies are required to determine the effect of TCC on children with moderate-to-severe asthma. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2016

Abstract Title: Tai Chi Chuan and Baduanjin Increase Grey Matter Volume in Older Adults: A Brain Imaging Study. Abstract Source: J Alzheimers Dis. 2017 ;60(2):389-400. PMID: 28869478 Abstract Author(s): Jing Tao, Jiao Liu, Weilin Liu, Jia Huang, Xiehua Xue, Xiangli Chen, Jinsong Wu, Guohua Zheng, Bai Chen, Ming Li, Sharon Sun, Kristen Jorgenson, Courtney Lang, Kun Hu, Shanjia Chen, Lidian Chen, Jian Kong Article Affiliation: Jing Tao Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate and compare how 12-weeks of Tai Chi Chuan and Baduanjin exercise can modulate brain structure and memory function in older adults. Magnetic resonance imaging and memory function measurements (Wechsler Memory Scale-Chinese revised, WMS-CR) were applied at both the beginning and end of the study. Results showed that both Tai Chi Chuan and Baduanjin could significantly increase grey matter volume (GMV) in the insula, medial temporal lobe, and putamen after 12-weeks of exercise. No significant differences were observed in GMV between the Tai Chi Chuan and Baduanjin groups. We also found that compared to healthy controls, Tai Chi Chuan and Baduanjin significantly improved visual reproduction subscores on the WMS-CR. Baduanjin also improved mental control, recognition, touch, and comprehension memory subscores of the WMS-CR compared to the control group. Memory quotient and visual reproduction subscores were both associated with GMV increases in the putamen and hippocampus. Our results demonstrate the potential of Tai Chi Chuan and Baduanjin exercise for the prevention of memory deficits in older adults. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2016

Abstract Title: Effect of Tai Chi Training on Dual-Tasking Performance That Involves Stepping Down among Stroke Survivors: A Pilot Study. Abstract Source: Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017 ;2017:9134173. Epub 2017 Nov 15. PMID: 29270204 Abstract Author(s): Wing-Nga Chan, William Wai-Nam Tsang Article Affiliation: Wing-Nga Chan Abstract: Descending stairs demands attention and neuromuscular control, especially with dual-tasking. Studies have demonstrated that stroke often degrades a survivor's ability to descend stairs. Tai Chi has been shown to improve dual-tasking performance of healthy older adults, but no such study has been conducted in stroke survivors. This study investigated the effect of Tai Chi training on dual-tasking performance that involved stepping down and compared it with that of conventional exercise among stroke survivors. Subjects were randomized into Tai Chi (= 9), conventional exercise (= 8), and control (= 9) groups. Those in the former two groups received 12-week training. Assessments included auditory Stroop test, stepping down test, and dual-tasking test involving both simultaneously. They were evaluated before training (time-1), after training (time-2), and one month after training (time-3). Tai Chi group showed significant improvement in the auditory Stroop test from time-1 to time-3 and the performance was significantly better than that of the conventional exercise group in time-3. No significant effect was found in the stepping down task or dual-tasking in the control group. These results suggest a beneficial effect of Tai Chi training on cognition among stroke survivors without compromising physical task performance in dual-tasking. The effect was better than the conventional exercise group. Nevertheless, further research with a larger sample is warranted. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2016

Abstract Title: Effect of Community-Based Social Skills Training and Tai-Chi Exercise on Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Schizophrenia: A Randomized, One-Year Study. Abstract Source: Psychopathology. 2016 Sep 2. Epub 2016 Sep 2. PMID: 27584836 Abstract Author(s): Ruiying Kang, Yeqing Wu, Zhiwu Li, Jun Jiang, Qi Gao, Yuncui Yu, Keming Gao, Yuxiang Yan, Yan He Article Affiliation: Ruiying Kang Abstract: BACKGROUND: Antipsychotic drugs are limited in their ability to improve negative symptoms, quality of life, and medication adherence in patients with schizophrenia. The addition of nonpharmacological interventions like social skills training has a positive effect on medication adherence and decreases rehospitalization rates but is limited in improving patients' symptoms, aggressive behaviors, and quality of life. Aerobic exercise, especially Tai-chi, can potentially reduce psychopathological and negative symptoms, decrease aggressive behaviors, and improve quality of life. It is an ideal rehabilitation intervention for patients with schizophrenia. However, no study has investigated the effects of social skills training plus Tai-chi on outcomes among outpatients with schizophrenia. This study analyzes the effect of antipsychotics combined with community-based integrated interventions on outcomes of schizophrenia. METHODS: In this study, a 24-session social skills training plus Tai-chi was used in community settings among patients with schizophrenia. A total of 244 patients were randomly assigned to medication treatment alone (MTA group) or community-based integrated intervention (CBII group), which accepted social skills training plus Tai-chi in addition to medication treatment. Generalized linear mixed models were used to evaluate the intervention effect (group effect), intervention effect over time (time effect), and interaction effect (group× time effect). t tests were used to evaluate between-group differences on clinical variables. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the differences between the intervention at 12 months and baseline for the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative symptoms and quality of life-social domain. RESULTS: Compared with the MTA group, the CBII group had lower scores on PANSS (F = 17.312, p<0.001) and negative symptoms (F = 44.909, p<0.001), a lower risk for aggressive behavior (F = 12.382, p<0.001), and a greater improvement in adherence to medication (F = 12.391, p<0.001) after 1 year of intervention. The changes in PANSS total scores, negative scores, and social domain of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale-Brief version (WHOQOL-BREF) from baseline to 12 months were significant between the two groups (PANSS total score: t = 4.839, p<0.001; negative symptoms: t = 8.250, p<0.001, and quality of life-social domain: t = -2.171, p = 0.031). Multiple linear regression analysis also showed that the intervention was significantly effective for changes from baseline to 12 months on PANSS total score (B = 0.804, p<0.001), negative score (B = 0.709, p<0.001), and social domain of quality of life (B = -0.673, p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that the community-based integrated intervention such as social skills training plus Tai-chi should be part of a rehabilitation effort for patients with schizophrenia in order to improve clinical symptoms, quality of life, and medication adherence. Article Published Date : Sep 01, 2016

Abstract Title: Efficacy of rehabilitation with Tai Ji Quan in an Italian cohort of patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome. Abstract Source: Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016 Aug ;24:109-15. Epub 2016 May 27. PMID: 27502810 Abstract Author(s): Susanna Maddali Bongi, Gianluca Paoletti, Michael Calà, Angela Del Rosso, Khadija El Aoufy, Svetlana Mikhaylova Article Affiliation: Susanna Maddali Bongi Abstract: BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) is characterized by musculoskeletal pain, muscle tenderness leading to disability, impaired quality of life (QoL), fatigue and it is accompanied by sleep disorders and psychological distress. Mind body therapies (MBT), such as Tai Ji Quan (TJQ), use different techniques to facilitate the ability of the mind to influence disease characteristics and symptoms. Some studies showed that TJQ, in patients with rheumatic diseases, particularly FMS, improved QoL, disability and psychological distress. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of TJQ on disability, QoL, fatigue, sleep and psychological distress in an Italian cohort of FMS patients. METHODS: We enrolled 44 FMS patients: 22 patients (Experimental Group) participated to a course of Tai Ji Quan style of (2/week for 16 weeks); 22 patients (Control Group) participated to an educational course about FMS (2/week for 16 weeks). At baseline (T0) and at the end of treatment (T1), patients were assessed for disability [Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ)], Quality of Life [Short-Form 36 (SF36)], fatigue [Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness-Fatigue (FACIT-F)], pain [Widespread Pain Index (WPI)], tenderness [Tender Points (TP)], Sleep Quality [Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)] and mood disorders [Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)]. RESULTS: At T1 versus T0, patients of the Experimental Group showed a significant improvement in FIQ, FACIT, SF36 (Summary Physical Index, Physical activity, physical role, bodily pain, general health, vitality, emotional role limitations), in WPI, TP, PSQI (total, sleep duration, and sleep disturbance) and HADS (total score and anxiety subscale), while Patients in the Control Group did not improve in any parameter. CONCLUSIONS: In FMS patients TJQ, if performed by an expert physiotherapist, should be regarded as an effective rehabilitation method. Article Published Date : Jul 31, 2016

Abstract Title: Practicing Tai Chi had lower energy metabolism than walking but similar health benefits in terms of aerobic fitness, resting energy expenditure, body composition and self-perceived physical health. Abstract Source: Complement Ther Med. 2016 Aug ;27:43-50. Epub 2016 May 20. PMID: 27515875 Abstract Author(s): Stanley Sai-Chuen Hui, Yao Jie Xie, Jean Woo, Timothy Chi-Yui Kwok Article Affiliation: Stanley Sai-Chuen Hui Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of Tai Chi and walking training on aerobic fitness, resting energy expenditure (REE), body composition, and quality of life; as well as analyzing the energy metabolism during exercises, to determine which one had better advantage in improving health status. METHODS: Three hundred seventy-four middle-aged Chinese subjects who were recruited from nine geographic areas in Sha Tin were randomized into Tai Chi, walking, or control groups at area level. The 12-week (45min per day, 5days per week) Tai Chi or brisk walking training were conducted in respective intervention groups. Measures were performed at baseline and end of trial. Another 30 subjects were recruited to compare the energy metabolism between practicing Tai Chi and walking. RESULTS: The between-group difference of VO2max was 3.3ml/min/kg for Tai Chi vs. control and 3.7ml/min/kg for walking vs. control (both P<0.001). BMI, skinfold thicknesses, and SF-12 physical component scores all improved significantly compared with the control group (all P<0.01). Tai Chi had higher effect on improving REE-VO2 and REE-kilocalorie expenditure than walking. Regarding to energy metabolism test, the self-paced walking produced approximately 46% higher metabolic costs than Tai Chi. CONCLUSION: Practicing Tai Chi consumes a smaller amount of energy metabolism but similar health benefits as self-paced brisk walking. Article Published Date : Jul 31, 2016

Abstract Title: Effect of Tai Chi exercise on blood lipid profiles: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Abstract Source: J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2016 Aug ;17(8):640-8. PMID: 27487809 Abstract Author(s): Xiao-Hong Pan, Amina Mahemuti, Xue-Hua Zhang, Ya-Ping Wang, Po Hu, Ju-Bo Jiang, Mei-Xiang Xiang, Gang Liu, Jian-An Wang Article Affiliation: Xiao-Hong Pan Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Studies have demonstrated that Tai Chi exercise improves blood lipid level with inconsistent results. A meta-analysis was conducted to quantify the effects of Tai Chi on blood lipid profiles in humans. METHODS: We screened the databases of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library (Central), Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang data, and Clinicaltrials.gov for randomized controlled trials with Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) score more than 3 points up to June 2015. Six studies involving 445 subjects were included. Most trials applied 12-week Tai Chi intervention courses. RESULTS: In comparison with the control group, blood triglyceride (TG) level difference between follow-up and baseline was statistically significantly lower in the Tai Chi practicing group (weighted mean difference (WMD) -16.81 mg/dl; 95% confidence intervals (CI) -31.27 to -2.35 mg/dl; P=0.02). A trend to improving total cholesterol (TC) reduction was found with Tai Chi (WMD -7.96 mg/dl; 95% CI -17.30 to 1.39 mg/dl; P=0.10). However, no difference was found in blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). CONCLUSIONS: Tai Chi exercise lowered blood TG level with a trend to decrease blood TC level. Our data suggest that Tai Chi has the potential to implement meaningful blood lipid modification and serve as an adjunctive exercise modality. The relationship between Tai Chi exercise regimen and lipid profile change might have a scientific priority for future investigation. Article Published Date : Jul 31, 2016

Abstract Title: Tai Chi for Chronic Pain Conditions: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Abstract Source: Sci Rep. 2016 ;6:25325. Epub 2016 Apr 29. PMID: 27125299 Abstract Author(s): Ling Jun Kong, Romy Lauche, Petra Klose, Jiang Hui Bu, Xiao Cun Yang, Chao Qing Guo, Gustav Dobos, Ying Wu Cheng Article Affiliation: Ling Jun Kong Abstract: Several studies reported that Tai Chi showed potential effects for chronic pain, but its role remains controversial. This review assessed the evidence regarding the effects of Tai Chi for chronic pain conditions. 18 randomized controlled trials were included in our review. The aggregated results have indicated that Tai Chi showed positive evidence on immediate relief of chronic pain from osteoarthritis (standardized mean difference [SMD], -0.54; 95% confidence intervals [CI], -0.77 to -0.30; P < 0.05). The valid duration of Tai Chi practice for osteoarthritis may be more than 5 weeks. And there were some beneficial evidences regarding the effects of Tai Chi on immediate relief of chronic pain from low back pain (SMD, -0.81; 95% CI, -1.11 to -0.52; P < 0.05) and osteoporosis (SMD, -0.83; 95% CI, -1.37 to -0.28; P = 0.003). Therefore, clinicians may consider Tai Chi as a viable complementary and alternative medicine for chronic pain conditions. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2015

Abstract Title: EFFECT OF"TAI CHI"EXERCISE ON ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES ACTIVITIES AND IMMUNITY FUNCTION IN MIDDLE-AGED PARTICIPANTS. Abstract Source: Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2016 ;13(5):87-90. Epub 2016 Aug 12. PMID: 28487898 Abstract Author(s): Aijun Niu Article Affiliation: Aijun Niu Abstract: BACKGROUND: "Tai Chi"is a useful exercise that increases physical strength and relax the mind. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study investigates effect of"tai chi"exercise on antioxidant enzymes activities and immunity function in participants. These participants were randomly divided into two groups:"tai chi"exercise group (n=25) and control group (n=25). The participants in the"tai chi"group performed"tai chi"exercise for 1 h every day. The participants in the control group didn't perform"tai chi". The exercise lasts for half a year. RESULTS: "tai chi"exercise increased antioxidant enzymes activities and improve immunity function in participants. CONCLUSION: "tai chi"exercise is useful for health-keep of participants. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2015

Abstract Title: Physiological responses to Tai Chi in stable patients with COPD. Abstract Source: Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2015 Nov 5. Epub 2015 Nov 5. PMID: 26549554 Abstract Author(s): Zhi-Hui Qiu, Hong-Xi Guo, Gan Lu, Ning Zhang, Bai-Ting He, Lian Zhou, Y M Luo, M I Polkey Article Affiliation: Zhi-Hui Qiu Abstract: We compared the physiological work, judged by oxygen uptake, esophageal pressure swing and diaphragm electromyography, elicited by Tai Chi compared with that elicited by constant rate treadmill walking at 60% of maximal load in eleven patients with COPD (Mean FEV1 61% predicted, FEV1/FVC 47%). Dynamic hyperinflation was assessed by inspiratory capacity and twitch quadriceps tension (TwQ) elicited by supramaximal magnetic stimulation of the femoral nerve was also measured before and after both exercises. The EMGdi and esophageal pressure at the end of exercise were similar for both treadmill exercise and Tai Chi (0.109±0.047mV vs 0.118±0.061mV for EMGdi and 22.3±7.1 cmH2O vs 21.9±8.1 cmH2O for esophageal pressure). Moreover the mean values of oxygen uptake during Tai Chi and treadmill exercise did not differ significantly: 11.3ml/kg/min (51.1% of maximal oxygen uptake derived from incremental exercise) and 13.4ml/kg/min (52.5%) respectively, p>0.05. Respiratory rate during Tai Chi was significantly lower than that during treadmill exercise. Both Tai Chi and treadmill exercise elicited a fall in IC at end exercise, indicating dynamic hyperinflation, but this was statistically significant only after treadmill exercise. TwQ decreased significantly after Tai Chi but not after treadmill. We conclude that Tai Chi constitutes a physiologically similar stimulus to treadmill exercise and may therefore be an acceptable modality for pulmonary rehabilitation which may be culturally more acceptable in some parts of the world. Article Published Date : Nov 04, 2015

Abstract Title: Community-Based Mind-Body Meditative Tai Chi Program and Its Effects on Improvement of Blood Pressure, Weight, Renal Function, Serum Lipoprotein, and Quality of Life in Chinese Adults With Hypertension. Abstract Source: Am J Cardiol. 2015 Oct 1 ;116(7):1076-81. Epub 2015 Jul 16. PMID: 26251005 Abstract Author(s): Jing Sun, Nicholas Buys Article Affiliation: Jing Sun Abstract: Obesity, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, and poor quality of life are common conditions associated with hypertension, and incidence of hypertension is age dependent. However, an effective program to prevent hypertension and to improve biomedical factors and quality of life has not been adequately examined or evaluated in Chinese older adults. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of a Tai Chi program to improve health status in participants with hypertension and its related risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and quality of life in older adults in China. A randomized study design was used. At the conclusion of the intervention, 266 patients remained in the study. Blood pressure and biomedical factors were measured according to the World Diabetes Association standard 2002. A standardized quality-of-life measure was used to measure health-related quality of life. It was found that a Tai Chi program to improve hypertension in older adults is effective in reducing blood pressure and body mass index, maintaining normal renal function, and improving physical health of health-related quality of life. It did not improve existing metabolic syndrome levels, lipid level (dyslipidemia) or fasting glucose level (hyperglycemia), to prevent further deterioration of the biomedical risk factors. In conclusion, Tai Chi is effective in managing a number of risk factors associated with hypertension in Chinese older adults. Future research should examine a combination of Tai Chi and nutritional intervention to further reduce the level of biomedical risks. Article Published Date : Sep 30, 2015

Abstract Title: The effect of Tai Chi on four chronic conditions-cancer, osteoarthritis, heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Abstract Source: Br J Sports Med. 2015 Sep 17. Epub 2015 Sep 17. PMID: 26383108 Abstract Author(s): Yi-Wen Chen, Michael A Hunt, Kristin L Campbell, Kortni Peill, W Darlene Reid Article Affiliation: Yi-Wen Chen Abstract: BACKGROUND: Many middle-aged and older persons have more than one chronic condition. Thus, it is important to synthesise the effectiveness of interventions across several comorbidities. The aim of this systematic review was to summarise current evidence regarding the effectiveness of Tai Chi in individuals with four common chronic conditions-cancer, osteoarthritis (OA), heart failure (HF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS: 4 databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus) were searched for original articles. Two reviewers independently screened the titles and abstracts and then conducted full-text reviews, quality assessment and finally data abstraction. 33 studies met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses were performed on disease-specific symptoms, physiological outcomes and physical performance of each chronic condition. Subgroup analyses on disease-specific symptoms were conducted by categorising studies into subsets based on the type of comparison groups. RESULTS: Meta-analyses showed that Tai Chi improved or showed a tendency to improve physical performance outcomes, including 6-min walking distance (6MWD) and knee extensor strength, in most or all four chronic conditions. Tai Chi also improved disease-specific symptoms of pain and stiffness in OA. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated a favourable effect or tendency of Tai Chi to improve physical performance and showed that this type of exercise could be performed by individuals with different chronic conditions, including COPD, HF and OA. Article Published Date : Sep 16, 2015

Abstract Title: The Effects of Tai Chi on Cardiovascular Risk in Women. Abstract Source: Am J Health Promot. 2015 Aug 25. Epub 2015 Aug 25. PMID: 26305613 Abstract Author(s): Jo Lynne Robins, R K Elswick, Jamie Sturgill, Nancy L McCain Article Affiliation: Jo Lynne Robins Abstract: Purpose . This study examined the effects of tai chi (TC) on biobehavioral factors associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in women. Design . A randomized trial used a wait-list control group, pretest-posttest design. Data were collected immediately before, immediately after, and 2 months following the intervention. Setting . The study was community based in central Virginia. Subjects . Women aged 35 to 50 years at increased risk for CVD. Intervention . The 8-week intervention built on prior work and was designed to impact biobehavioral factors associated with CVD risk in women. Measures . Biological measures included fasting glucose, insulin, and lipids as well as C-reactive protein and cytokines. Behavioral measures included fatigue, perceived stress, depressive symptoms, social support, mindfulness, self-compassion, and spiritual thoughts and behaviors. Analysis . A mixed effects linear model was used to test for differences between groups across time. Results . In 63 women, TC was shown to decrease fatigue (∂ [difference in group means] = 9.38, p = .001) and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (∂ = 12.61, p = .052). Consistent with the study model and intervention design, significant changes observed 2 months post intervention indicated that TC may help down-regulate proinflammatory cytokines associated with underlying CVD risk, including interferon gamma (∂ = 149.90, p = .002), tumor necrosis factor (∂ = 16.78, p = .002), interleukin (IL) 8 (∂ = 6.47, p = .026), and IL-4 (∂ = 2.13, p = .001), and may increase mindfulness (∂ = .54, p = .021), spiritual thoughts and behaviors (∂= 8.30, p = .009), and self-compassion (∂ = .44, p = .045). Conclusion . This study contributes important insights into the potential benefits and mechanisms of TC and, with further research, may ultimately lead to effective strategies for reducing CVD risk in women earlier in the CVD trajectory. Article Published Date : Aug 24, 2015

Abstract Title: A supplemental report to a randomized cluster trial of a 20-week Sun-style Tai Chi for osteoarthritic knee pain in elders with cognitive impairment. Abstract Source: Complement Ther Med. 2015 Aug ;23(4):570-6. Epub 2015 Jun 9. PMID: 26275650 Abstract Author(s): Pao-Feng Tsai, Jason Y Chang, Cornelia Beck, Yong-Fang Kuo, Francis J Keefe, Karl Rosengren Article Affiliation: Pao-Feng Tsai Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This was a secondary data analysis of a cluster-randomized clinical trial that tested the efficacy of a 20-week Sun-style Tai Chi (TC) program in reducing pain in community-dwelling elders with cognitive impairment and knee osteoarthritis (OA). The study also examined whether elders' level of cognitive function was related to the outcomes of the TC program. METHOD: Elders (N=55) were recruited from 8 study sites. Each site was randomly assigned to participate in either a 20-week TC or an education program. Verbal report of pain was measured by a Verbal Descriptor Scale (VDS) at weeks 1, 5, 9, 13, 17 and 21 (designated as times 1-6). Pain behaviors and analgesic intake were also recorded at times 1-6. RESULTS: At post-test, scores on the VDS and observed pain behaviors were significantly better in the TC group than in the control group (p=0.008-0.048). The beneficial effects of TC were not associated with cognitive ability. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that TC can be used as an adjunct to pharmacological intervention to relieve OA pain in elders with cognitive impairment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trial.gov NCT01528566. Article Published Date : Jul 31, 2015

Abstract Title: Impact of Short- and Long-term Tai Chi Mind-Body Exercise Training on Cognitive Function in Healthy Adults: Results From a Hybrid Observational Study and Randomized Trial. Abstract Source: Glob Adv Health Med. 2015 Jul ;4(4):38-48. PMID: 26331103 Abstract Author(s): Jacquelyn N Walsh, Brad Manor, Jeffrey Hausdorff, Vera Novak, Lewis Lipsitz, Brian Gow, Eric A Macklin, Chung-Kang Peng, Peter M Wayne Article Affiliation: Jacquelyn N Walsh Abstract: BACKGROUND: Cognitive decline amongst older adults is a significant public health concern. There is growing interest in behavioral interventions, including exercise, for improving cognition. Studies to date suggest tai chi (TC) may be a safe and potentially effective exercise for preserving cognitive function with aging; however, its short-term and potential long-term impact on physically active, healthy adults is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To compare differences in cognitive function among long-term TC expert practitioners and age-matched and gender-matched TC-naïve adults and to determine the effects of short-term TC training on measures of cognitive function in healthy, nonsedentary adults. DESIGN: A hybrid design including an observational comparison and a 2-arm randomized clinical trial (RCT). PARTICIPANTS: Healthy, nonsedentary, TC-naive adults (50 y-79 y) and age-matched and gender-matched long-term TC experts. METHODS: A cross-sectional comparison of cognitive function in healthy TC-naïve (n=60) and TC expert (24.5 y ÷ 12 y experience; n=27) adults: TC-naïve adults then completed a 6-month, 2-arm, wait-list randomized clinical trial of TC training. Six measures of cognitive function were assessed for both cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons. RESULTS: TC experts exhibited trends towards better scores on all cognitive measures, significantly so for category fluency (P=.01), as well as a composite z score summarizing all 6 cognitive assessments (P=.03). In contrast, random assignment to 6 months of TC training in TC-naïve adults did not significantly improve any measures of cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS: In healthy nonsedentary adults, long-term TC training may help preserve cognitive function; however, the effect of short-term TC training in healthy adults remains unclear. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01340365. Article Published Date : Jun 30, 2015

Abstract Title: Tai Chi Chuan improves functional capacity after myocardial infarction: A randomized clinical trial. Abstract Source: Am Heart J. 2015 Jun ;169(6):854-60. Epub 2015 Mar 13. PMID: 26027624 Abstract Author(s): Rosane Maria Nery, Maurice Zanini, Juliana Beust de Lima, Raquel Petry Bühler, Anderson Donelli da Silveira, Ricardo Stein Article Affiliation: Rosane Maria Nery Abstract: BACKGROUND: Patients with a recent myocardial infarction (MI) present a reduction in functional capacity expressed as a decrease in peak oxygen consumption (Vo2 peak). The impact of a Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) cardiac rehabilitation program for patients recovering from recent MI has yet to be assessed. Our goal is to evaluate functional capacity after a TCC-based cardiac rehabilitation program in patients with recent MI. METHODS: A single-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted. The researchers who performed the tests were blinded to group allocation. Between the 14th and 21st days after hospital discharge, all patients performed a cardiopulmonary exercise testing and a laboratory blood workup. Mean age was similar (56±9 years in the TCC group and 60±9 years in the control group). Patients allocated to the intervention group performed 3 weekly sessions of TCC Beijin style for 12 weeks (n=31). The control group participated in 3 weekly sessions of full-body stretching exercises (n=30). RESULTS: After the 12-week study period, participants in the TCC group experienced a significant 14% increase in Vo2 peak from baseline (21.6± 5.2 to 24.6 ± 5.2 mL/kg per minute), whereas control participants had a nonsignificant 5% decline in Vo2 peak (20.4 ± 5.1 to 19.4 ± 4.4 mL/kg per minute). There was a significant difference between the 2 groups (P<.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Tai Chi Chuan practice was associated with an increase in Vo2 peak in patients with a recent MI and may constitute an effective form of cardiac rehabilitation in this patient population. Article Published Date : May 31, 2015

Abstract Title: Tai chi chuan exercise for patients with breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Abstract Source: Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015 ;2015:535237. Epub 2015 Feb 22. PMID: 25793000 Abstract Author(s): Yuanqing Pan, Kehu Yang, Xiue Shi, Haiqian Liang, Fengwa Zhang, Qingfang Lv Article Affiliation: Yuanqing Pan Abstract: Objective. Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) is a form of aerobic exercise that may be an effective therapy for improving psychosomatic capacity among breast cancer survivors. This meta-analysis analyzed the available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effects of TCC in relieving treatment-related side effects and quality of life in women with breast cancer. Methods. RCTs were searched in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library through April 2014. Data were analyzed on pathology (pain, interleukin-6, and insulin-like growth factor 1), physical capacity (handgrip, limb physical fitness, and BMI), and well-being (physical, social, emotional, and general quality of life). Results. Nine RCTs, including a total of 322 breast cancer patients, were examined. Compared with control therapies, the pooled results suggested that TCC showed significant effects in improving handgrip dynamometer strength, limb elbow flexion (elbow extension, abduction, and horizontal adduction). No significant differences were observed in pain, interleukin-6, insulin-like growth factor, BMI, physical well-being, social or emotional well-being, or general health-related quality of life. Conclusion. The short-term effects of TCC may have potential benefits in upper limb functional mobility in patients with breast cancer. Additional randomized controlled trials with longer follow-up are needed to provide more reliable evidence. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2014

Abstract Title: Tai chi chuan for the primary prevention of stroke in middle-aged and elderly adults: a systematic review. Abstract Source: Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015 ;2015:742152. Epub 2015 Feb 15. PMID: 25784950 Abstract Author(s): Guohua Zheng, Maomao Huang, Feiwen Liu, Shuzhen Li, Jing Tao, Lidian Chen Article Affiliation: Guohua Zheng Abstract: Background. Stroke is a major healthcare problem with serious long-term disability and is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Prevention of stroke is considered an important strategy. Methods. Seven electronic databases were searched. Results. 36 eligible studies with a total of 2393 participants were identified. Primary outcome measures, TCC exercise combined with other intervention had a significant effect on decreasing the incidence of nonfatal stroke (n = 185, RR = 0.11, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.85, P = 0.03) and CCD (n = 125, RR = 0.33, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.96, P = 0.04). For the risk factors of stroke, pooled analysis demonstrated that TCC exercise was associated with lower body weight, BMI, FBG level, and decreasing SBP, DBP, plasma TC, and LDL-C level regardless of the intervention period less than half a year or more than one year and significantly raised HDL-C level in comparison to nonintervention. Compared with other treatments, TCC intervention on the basis of the same other treatments in patients with chronic disease also showed the beneficial effect on lowering blood pressure. Conclusion. The present systematic review indicates that TCC exercise is beneficially associated with the primary prevention of stroke in middle-aged and elderly adults by inversing the high risk factors of stroke. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2014

Abstract Title: The effects of mind-body therapies on the immune system: meta-analysis. Abstract Source: PLoS One. 2014 ;9(7):e100903. Epub 2014 Jul 2. PMID: 24988414 Abstract Author(s): Nani Morgan, Michael R Irwin, Mei Chung, Chenchen Wang Article Affiliation: Nani Morgan Abstract: IMPORTANCE: Psychological and health-restorative benefits of mind-body therapies have been investigated, but their impact on the immune system remain less defined. OBJECTIVE: To conduct the first comprehensive review of available controlled trial evidence to evaluate the effects of mind-body therapies on the immune system, focusing on markers of inflammation and anti-viral related immune responses. METHODS: Data sources included MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and PsycINFO through September 1, 2013. Randomized controlled trials published in English evaluating at least four weeks of Tai Chi, Qi Gong, meditation, or Yoga that reported immune outcome measures were selected. Studies were synthesized separately by inflammatory (n = 18), anti-viral related immunity (n = 7), and enumerative (n = 14) outcomes measures. We performed random-effects meta-analyses using standardized mean difference when appropriate. RESULTS: Thirty-four studies published in 39 articles (total 2, 219 participants) met inclusion criteria. For inflammatory measures, after 7 to 16 weeks of mind-body intervention, there was a moderate effect on reduction of C-reactive protein (effect size [ES], 0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.04 to 1.12), a small but not statistically significant reduction of interleukin-6 (ES, 0.35; 95% CI, -0.04 to 0.75), and negligible effect on tumor necrosis factor-α (ES, 0.21; 95% CI, -0.15 to 0.58). For anti-viral related immune and enumerative measures, there were negligible effects on CD4 counts (ES, 0.15; 95% CI, -0.04 to 0.34) and natural killer cell counts (ES, 0.12, 95% CI -0.21 to 0.45). Some evidence indicated mind-body therapies increase immune responses to vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Mind-body therapies reduce markers of inflammation and influence virus-specific immune responses to vaccination despite minimal evidence suggesting effects on resting anti-viral or enumerative measures. These immunomodulatory effects, albeit incomplete, warrant further methodologically rigorous studies to determine the clinical implications of these findings for inflammatory and infectious disease outcomes. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2013

Abstract Title: Mindfulness-based interventions in multiple sclerosis: beneficial effects of Tai Chi on balance, coordination, fatigue and depression. Abstract Source: BMC Neurol. 2014 ;14:165. Epub 2014 Aug 23. PMID: 25145392 Abstract Author(s): Janina M Burschka, Philipp M Keune, Ulrich Hofstadt-van Oy, Patrick Oschmann, Peter Kuhn Article Affiliation: Janina M Burschka Abstract: BACKGROUND: Patients suffering from Multiple Sclerosis (MS) experience a wide array of symptoms, including balance problems, mobility impairment, fatigue and depression. Physical exercise has recently been acknowledged as a treatment option complementary to medication. However, information regarding putative effects of structured exercise programs on neurological symptoms is sparse. Tai Chi, a Chinese martial art incorporating physical exercise and mindfulness training, has been shown to yield health benefits in various neurological groups. It seems particularly suitable for patients with motoric deficits as it challenges coordination and balance. The purpose of the current study was to explore the therapeutic value of structured Tai Chi training for coordination, balance, fatigue and depression in mildly disabled MS patients. METHODS: A sample of 32 MS patients (Expanded Disability Status Scale, EDSS < 5) was examined. A structured Tai Chi course was devised and a Tai Chi group participated in two weekly sessions of 90 minutes duration for six months, while a comparison group received treatment as usual (TAU). Both groups were examined prior to and following the six-months interval with regards to balance and coordination performance as well as measures of fatigue, depression and life satisfaction. RESULTS: Following the intervention, the Tai Chi group showed significant, consistent improvements in balance, coordination, and depression, relative to the TAU group (range of effect-sizes: partialη2 = 0.16 - 0.20). Additionally, life satisfaction improved (partial η2 = 0.31). Fatigue deteriorated in the comparison group, whereas it remained relatively stable in the Tai Chi group (partial η2 = 0.24). CONCLUSIONS: The consistent pattern of results confirms that Tai Chi holds therapeutic potential for MS patients. Further research is needed to determine underlying working mechanisms, and to verify the results in a larger sample and different MS subgroups. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2013

Abstract Title: Tai chi and postural stability in patients with Parkinson's disease. Abstract Source: N Engl J Med. 2012 Feb 9 ;366(6):511-9. PMID: 22316445 Abstract Author(s): Fuzhong Li, Peter Harmer, Kathleen Fitzgerald, Elizabeth Eckstrom, Ronald Stock, Johnny Galver, Gianni Maddalozzo, Sara S Batya Article Affiliation: Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR 97403, USA. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Patients with Parkinson's disease have substantially impaired balance, leading to diminished functional ability and an increased risk of falling. Although exercise is routinely encouraged by health care providers, few programs have been proven effective. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, controlled trial to determine whether a tailored tai chi program could improve postural control in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. We randomly assigned 195 patients with stage 1 to 4 disease on the Hoehn and Yahr staging scale (which ranges from 1 to 5, with higher stages indicating more severe disease) to one of three groups: tai chi, resistance training, or stretching. The patients participated in 60-minute exercise sessions twice weekly for 24 weeks. The primary outcomes were changes from baseline in the limits-of-stability test (maximum excursion and directional control; range, 0 to 100%). Secondary outcomes included measures of gait and strength, scores on functional-reach and timed up-and-go tests, motor scores on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, and number of falls. RESULTS: The tai chi group performed consistently better than the resistance-training and stretching groups in maximum excursion (between-group difference in the change from baseline, 5.55 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12 to 9.97; and 11.98 percentage points; 95% CI, 7.21 to 16.74, respectively) and in directional control (10.45 percentage points; 95% CI, 3.89 to 17.00; and 11.38 percentage points; 95% CI, 5.50 to 17.27, respectively). The tai chi group also performed better than the stretching group in all secondary outcomes and outperformed the resistance-training group in stride length and functional reach. Tai chi lowered the incidence of falls as compared with stretching but not as compared with resistance training. The effects of tai chi training were maintained at 3 months after the intervention. No serious adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Tai chi training appears to reduce balance impairments in patients with mild-to-moderate Parkinson's disease, with additional benefits of improved functional capacity and reduced falls. (Funded by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00611481.). Article Published Date : Feb 09, 2012

Abstract Title: Tai chi as an intervention to improve balance and reduce falls in older adults: A systematic and meta-analytical review. Abstract Source: Altern Ther Health Med. 2011 Jan-Feb;17(1):40-8. PMID: 21614943 Abstract Author(s): Daniel P K Leung, Carol K L Chan, Hector W H Tsang, William W N Tsang, Alice Y M Jones Article Affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The evidence of tai chi for balance improvement and fall reduction in older adults was updated and reviewed. METHOD: A systematic review was carried out by two independent reviewers among nine electronic databases to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined the effects of tai chi on balance improvement and fall reduction in older adults using such key words as tai chi, falls, balance, and randomized trial. RESULTS: The results based on 13 RCTs indicated that tai chi was effective in improving balance of older adults but may not necessarily be superior to other interventions. Results also showed that in the absence of other interventions, tai chi reduced falls in the nonfrail elderly. CONCLUSION: Tai chi is recommended as an alternative treatment for improving balance so as to reduce falls. Future research with improved research designs such as more consistent outcome measures on balance and fall reduction and longer postintervention follow-up should be conducted to unravel the efficacy of different types of tai chi. Article Published Date : Jan 01, 2011

Abstract Title: Roles of meditation on alleviation of oxidative stress and improvement of antioxidant system. Abstract Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2010 Nov ;93 Suppl 6:S242-54. PMID: 21280542 Abstract Author(s): Chitrawina Mahagita Article Affiliation: Chitrawina Mahagita Abstract: According to MEDLINE/Pubmed search to December 2009, the modulation effects of meditation on oxidative stress have been increasingly investigated for acute, short and long-term effects. Both invasive and noninvasive measurements have been utilized. Long-term transcendental and Zen meditators have been showed to diminish oxidative stress seen by a reduction of lipid peroxidation and biophoton emission. Glutathione level and activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase) have been facilitated in Yoga and Sudarshan Kriya practitioners. One year of Tai Chi training has been reported to promote superoxide dismutase activity and lessen lipid peroxidation. Performing diaphragmatic breathing after exhaustive exercise has attenuated oxidative stress faster than control. These data suggest possible roles of meditation and meditation-based techniques on the decrease of oxidative stress which may assist to prevent and/or alleviate deterioration of related diseases. However, further research needs to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms which remain challenge to accomplish. Article Published Date : Oct 31, 2010

Abstract Title: Effects of a structured weight-bearing exercise program on bone metabolism among breast cancer survivors: a feasibility trial. Abstract Source: Clin Breast Cancer. 2010 Jun;10(3):224-9. PMID: 20497921 Abstract Author(s): Luke J Peppone, Karen M Mustian, Michelle C Janelsins, Oxana G Palesh, Randy N Rosier, Kenneth M Piazza, Jason Q Purnell, Tom V Darling, Gary R Morrow Article Affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14642, USA. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.<This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.></This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.> Abstract: PURPOSE: Treatments for breast cancer, specifically hormonal therapy, accelerate bone loss (BL) among breast cancer survivors, leading to osteoporosis and an increase in fracture risk. Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) is a moderate form of weight-bearing exercise, equivalent to walking, and it has been shown to improve aerobic capacity and strength among breast cancer survivors and might also be effective in slowing bone loss in breast cancer survivors. This pilot study compared the influence of TCC with that of standard support therapy (ST; exercise control) on BL biomarkers among breast cancer survivors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Randomly assigned breast cancer survivors (N = 16; median age, 53 years;<30 months after treatment) completed 12 weeks (3 times per week, 60 minutes per session) of TCC or ST. Serum levels of N-telopeptides of type I collagen (NTx), a marker of bone resorption, and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), a marker of bone formation, were determined according to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at baseline and after the intervention. RESULTS: Using analysis of covariance, survivors in the TCC group experienced a greater increase in levels of bone formation (BSAP [microg/L]: before, 8.3; after, 10.2; change, 1.9 microg/L and 22.4%), compared with survivors in ST (BSAP [microg/L]: before, 7.6; after, 8.1; change, 0.5 microg/L [6.3%]). Survivors in the TCC group also experienced a significant decrease in bone resorption (NTx [nanomoles bone collagen equivalent; nmBCE]: before, 17.6; after, 11.1; change, -6.5 nmBCE; -36.9%), whereas women in the ST group did not (NTx [nmBCE]: before, 20.8; after, 18.8; change, -2.0 nmBCE; -9.6%). CONCLUSION: This pilot study suggests that weight-bearing exercise exerts positive effects on BL, through increased bone formation and decreased bone resorption. Further examinations of the influence of TCC on bone health are warranted. Article Published Date : Jun 01, 2010

Abstract Title: A randomized study of the effects of t'ai chi on muscle strength, bone mineral density, and fear of falling in women with osteoarthritis. Abstract Source: J Altern Complement Med. 2010 Mar;16(3):227-33. PMID: 20192907 Abstract Author(s): Rhayun Song, Beverly L Roberts, Eun-Ok Lee, Paul Lam, Sang-Cheol Bae Article Affiliation: Chungnam National University, College of Nursing, Daejeon, South Korea. Abstract: PURPOSE: Individuals with osteoarthritis can experience difficulty walking and poor strength, possibly leading to falls and fractures. Exercise has been found to increase strength and bone mineral density. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 6 months of t'ai chi on knee muscle strength, bone mineral density, and fear of falling in older women with osteoarthritis. METHODS: Eighty-two (82) women with osteoarthritis, recruited from outpatient clinics and community health centers, were randomly assigned to either a t'ai chi group and took part in a t'ai chi program, or a control group. Of these, 30 subjects (mean age = 63 years) in the t'ai chi group and 35 (mean age = 61 years) in the control group completed post-test measures at 6 months. RESULTS: After the 6-month study period, subjects in the t'ai chi program had significantly greater knee extensor endurance (pre- to post-test mean increase = 36.4 W/kg, versus 1.1 W/kg for the controls), and significantly greater bone mineral density in the neck of the proximal femur (mean change = 0.09, versus -0.10 for the controls), Ward's triangle (mean change = 0.04, versus -0.04 for the controls), and trochanter (mean change = 0.07, versus -0.05 for the controls) than the controls. However, knee extensor and flexor strength did not differ significantly between the groups. The fear of falling during daily activities reduced significantly more in the t'ai chi group (mean change = -2.40, versus 0.66 for the controls). CONCLUSIONS: T'ai chi increased knee extensor muscle endurance and bone mineral density in older women with osteoarthritis, and decreased their fear of falling during daily activities. Further study with long-term follow-up is needed to substantiate the role of t'ai chi exercise in the prevention of fall and its related fracture. Article Published Date : Mar 01, 2010

Abstract Title: Tai chi improves physical function in older Chinese women with knee osteoarthritis. Abstract Source: J Clin Rheumatol. 2010 Feb 2. Epub 2010 Feb 2. PMID: 20130482 Abstract Author(s): Guo-Xin Ni, Lin Song, Bin Yu, Cai-Hua Huang, Jian-Hua Lin Abstract: BACKGROUND:: Tai chi (TC) is proposed as a potential option for the management of osteoarthritis (OA), however, its beneficial effect on patients with knee OA has not been convincing. OBJECTIVES:: To evaluate the effect of a 24-week TC program on physical functions in older Chinese women with knee OA. METHODS:: Thirty-five older Chinese women with knee OA were randomized into TC group (n = 18) and attention control (wellness education and stretching) group (n = 17). Subjects in the TC group practiced the 24-form simplified Yang-style TC 2 to 4 times a week for 24 weeks with frequency gradually increased. Physical function was assessed using the Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), 6-minute walk distance and stair climb time. RESULTS:: Compared with the control group, the participants in TC group had statistically significant improvements in changes of the WOMAC total score (6.18 +/- 2.13 vs. 1.71 +/- 2.73, P = 0.000), the WOMAC pain subscale (1.36 +/- 0.22 vs. 0.07 +/- 1.00, P = 0.001), the WOMAC stiffness subscale (0.66 +/- 0.25 vs. 0.05 +/- 0.38, P = 0.043), the WOMAC function subscale (6.17 +/- 1.96 vs. 1.72 +/- 2.63, P = 0.000), the 6-minute walk distance (32.43 +/- 14.20 vs. 6.67 +/- 16.76, P = 0.003), and the stair climb time (2.27 +/- 0.74 vs. 0.27 +/- 1.24, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:: This study suggested that TC provides a safe, feasible and useful exercise option for older Chinese female patients with knee OA. Article Published Date : Feb 02, 2010

Abstract Title: Effects of aging and Tai Chi on finger-pointing toward stationary and moving visual targets. Abstract Source: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010 Jan;91(1):149-55. PMID: 20103410 Abstract Author(s): Jasmine C Kwok, Christina W Hui-Chan, William W Tsang Abstract: Kwok JC, Hui-Chan CW, Tsang WW. Effects of aging and Tai Chi on finger-pointing toward stationary and moving visual targets. OBJECTIVE: To examine the aging effect on speed and accuracy in finger pointing toward stationary and moving visual targets between young and older healthy subjects and whether or not Tai Chi practitioners perform better than healthy older controls in these tasks. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: University-based rehabilitation center. PARTICIPANTS: University students (n=30) (aged 24.2+/-3.1y), were compared with healthy older control subjects (n=30) (aged 72.3+/-7.2y) and experienced (n=31) (mean years of practice, 7.1+/-6.5y) Tai Chi practitioners (aged 70.3+/-5.9y). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Subjects pointed with the index finger of their dominant hand from a fixed starting position on a desk to a visual signal (1.2cm diameter dot) appearing on a display unit, as quickly and as accurately as possible. Outcome measures included (1) reaction time-the time from the appearance of the dot to the onset of the anterior deltoid electromyographic response; (2) movement time-the time from onset of the electromyographic response to touching of the dot; and (3) accuracy-the absolute deviation of the subject's finger-pointing location from center of the dot. RESULTS: Young subjects achieved significantly faster reaction and movement times with significantly better accuracy than older control subjects in all finger-pointing tasks. Tai Chi practitioners attained significantly better accuracy than older controls in pointing to stationary visual signals appearing contralaterally and centrally to their pointing hand. They also demonstrated significantly better accuracy when the target was moving. Accuracy in Tai Chi practitioners was similar to young controls. CONCLUSIONS: Eye-hand coordination in finger-pointing declines with age in time and accuracy domains. However, Tai Chi practitioners attained significantly better accuracy than control subjects similar in age, sex, and physical activity level. Article Published Date : Jan 01, 2010

Abstract Title: Tai Chi is effective in treating knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Abstract Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Nov 15;61(11):1545-53. PMID: 19877092 Abstract Author(s): Chenchen Wang, Christopher H Schmid, Patricia L Hibberd, Robert Kalish, Ronenn Roubenoff, Ramel Rones, Timothy McAlindon Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of Tai Chi in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis (OA) symptoms. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, single-blind, randomized controlled trial of 40 individuals with symptomatic tibiofemoral OA. Patients were randomly assigned to 60 minutes of Tai Chi (10 modified forms from classic Yang style) or attention control (wellness education and stretching) twice weekly for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain score at 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes included WOMAC function, patient and physician global assessments, timed chair stand, depression index, self-efficacy scale, and quality of life. We repeated these assessments at 24 and 48 weeks. Analyses were compared by intent-to-treat principles. RESULTS: The 40 patients had a mean age of 65 years and a mean body mass index of 30.0 kg/m(2). Compared with the controls, patients assigned to Tai Chi exhibited significantly greater improvement in WOMAC pain (mean difference at 12 weeks -118.80 mm [95% confidence interval (95% CI) -183.66, -53.94; P = 0.0005]), WOMAC physical function (-324.60 mm [95% CI -513.98, -135.22; P = 0.001]), patient global visual analog scale (VAS; -2.15 cm [95% CI -3.82, -0.49; P = 0.01]), physician global VAS (-1.71 cm [95% CI -2.75, -0.66; P = 0.002]), chair stand time (-10.88 seconds [95% CI -15.91, -5.84; P = 0.00005]), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (-6.70 [95% CI -11.63, -1.77; P = 0.009]), self-efficacy score (0.71 [95% CI 0.03, 1.39; P = 0.04]), and Short Form 36 physical component summary (7.43 [95% CI 2.50, 12.36; P = 0.004]). No severe adverse events were observed. CONCLUSION: Tai Chi reduces pain and improves physical function, self-efficacy, depression, and health-related quality of life for knee OA. Article Published Date : Nov 15, 2009

Abstract Title: The effectiveness of Tai Chi for chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Abstract Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Jun 15;61(6):717-24. PMID: 19479696 Abstract Author(s): Amanda Hall, Chris Maher, Jane Latimer, Manuela Ferreira Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether Tai Chi improves pain, disability, physical performance, and/or health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in people with chronic musculoskeletal pain. METHODS: Eight databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Two independent reviewers rated trial quality and extracted trial data. Effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for individual trials, and pooled effect sizes were calculated using a random-effects model. RESULTS: Seven RCTs were selected for inclusion in the review. Of these, 6 studied people with chronic arthritis and 1 studied people with chronic tension headaches. The trials were typically small and of low methodologic quality. The pooled effect size for arthritic populations on a 0-100 scale was 10.1 (range 6.3-13.9) points for pain reduction, and was 9.6 (range 5.2-14.0) points for disability reduction. Additionally, physical performance and HRQOL outcomes favored the Tai Chi intervention, but of these outcomes, only the level of tension and satisfaction with general health were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The available data on the effect of Tai Chi are sparse and derived principally from low-quality studies. These data suggest that Tai Chi has a small positive effect on pain and disability in people with arthritis. The extent to which it benefits other forms of musculoskeletal pain is unclear. Article Published Date : Jun 15, 2009

Abstract Title: Short-form Tai Chi improves standing balance of people with chronic stroke. Abstract Source: Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009 Jun;23(5):515-22. Epub 2009 Jan 7. PMID: 19129308 Abstract Author(s): Stephanie S Y Au-Yeung, Christina W Y Hui-Chan, Jervis C S Tang Abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Our previous findings showed that 4 weeks of intensive Tai Chi practice improved standing balance in healthy seniors. This study set out to investigate whether Tai Chi could improve standing balance in subjects with chronic stroke. METHODS: One hundred thirty-six subjects>6 months after stroke were randomly assigned to a control group (n = 62) practicing general exercises or a Tai Chi group (n = 74) for 12 weeks of training. Each week, 1 hour of group practice was supplemented by 3 hours of self-practice. We used a short-form of Tai Chi consisting of 12 forms that require whole-body movements to be performed in a continuous sequence and demands concentration. A blinded assessor examined subjects at baseline, 6 weeks (mid-program), 12 weeks (end-program), and 18 weeks (follow-up). The 3 outcome measures were (1) dynamic standing balance evaluated by the center of gravity (COG) excursion during self-initiated body leaning in 4 directions, (2) standing equilibrium evaluated in sensory challenged conditions, and (3) functional mobility assessed by Timed-up-and-go score. Mixed model repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to examine between-group differences. RESULTS: When compared with the controls, the Tai Chi group showed greater COG excursion amplitude in leaning forward, backward, and toward the affected and nonaffected sides (P<.05), as well as faster reaction time in moving the COG toward the nonaffected side (P = .014) in the end-program and follow-up assessments. The Tai Chi group also demonstrated better reliance on vestibular integration for balance control at end-program (P = .038). However, neither group improved significantly in Timed-up-and-go scores. CONCLUSIONS: Twelve weeks of short-form Tai Chi produced specific standing balance improvements in people with chronic stroke that outlasted training for 6 weeks. Article Published Date : Jun 01, 2009

Abstract Title: Adhering to a t'ai chi program to improve glucose control and quality of life for individuals with type 2 diabetes. Abstract Source: J Altern Complement Med. 2009 Jun;15(6):627-32. PMID: 19500007 Abstract Author(s): Rhayun Song, Sukhee Ahn, Beverly L Roberts, Eun Ok Lee, You Hern Ahn Article Affiliation: College of Nursing, Chungnam National University, Daegon 301747, Korea. Abstract: PURPOSE: This study was to examine the effects of adherence to a 6-month t'ai chi exercise program on glucose control, diabetic self-care activities, and quality of life among individuals with type 2 diabetes. METHOD: The data from a quasi-experimental study at multisite health-promotion centers in Korea with pretest and 3- and 6-month post-test measures were used. Ninety-nine (99) adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and HbA1c 6.0 or higher were included in the analysis. The t'ai chi intervention consisted of 19 movements from Yang and Sun styles provided twice a week for 6 months. Sixty-two (62) subjects completed both pretest and post-test measures. To achieve the desired outcomes, subjects needed to complete 80% of the sessions of the t'ai chi program, and 31 subjects who met this criteria were compared to those who did not (n = 31). Outcome measures included glucose control (fasting blood sugar, HbA1c), diabetic self-care activities, and quality of life (36-Item Short Form Health Survey, version 2). RESULTS: Using repeated measure analysis of variance for baseline, 3 months, and 6 months, the adherent group had greater decline in fasting glucose (interaction effect F = 5.60, df = 2, p<0.05) and HbA1c (interaction effect F = 4.15, df = 2, p<0.05) than the nonadherers. The adherent group performed significantly more diabetic self-care activities (interaction effect F = 5.13, df = 2, p<0.05), and had better quality of life in mental component summary, social functioning, mental health, and vitality as compared to the nonadherent group. The significant differences in quality of life remained after adjusting for self-care activities except for mental health, which was no longer significant. CONCLUSION: For those with type 2 diabetes, t'ai chi could be an alternative exercise intervention to increase glucose control, diabetic self-care activities, and quality of life. Whether t'ai chi can reduce or prevent diabetic complications requires further study. Article Published Date : Jun 01, 2009

Abstract Title: Effect of Pilates and taiji quan training on self-efficacy, sleep quality, mood, and physical performance of college students. Abstract Source: J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2009 Apr;13(2):155-63. Epub 2008 Feb 20. PMID: 19329051 Abstract Author(s): Karen Caldwell, Mandy Harrison, Marianne Adams, N Travis Triplett Article Affiliation: Department of Human Development and Psychological Counseling, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Abstract: Methods of exercise such as Pilates and taiji quan, which have been shown to have beneficial effects on physical and mental characteristics, have been studied more often in samples of older participants. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of a semester of either Pilates or taiji quan training on perceived self-efficacy, sleep quality and mood, as well as strength and balance in college-age individuals. Self-efficacy was found to be improved in the Pilates and taiji quan groups and there was a trend towards improvement in sleep quality. Mood was found to be improved significantly in the Pilates group while the taiji group showed a trend towards improvement. There were no changes or group differences in the strength or balance measures. Pilates and taiji quan are effective exercise modes to improve mental parameters in college-age individuals. Article Published Date : Apr 01, 2009

Abstract Title: Effect of Tai Chi exercise on DNA damage, antioxidant enzymes, and oxidative stress in middle-age adults. Abstract Source: J Phys Act Health. 2009 Jan;6(1):43-54. PMID: 19211957 Abstract Author(s): J A Goon, A H Noor Aini, M Musalmah, M Y Yasmin Anum, W M Wan Nazaimoon, W Z Wan Ngah Article Affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The biochemical mechanisms involving oxidative stress to explain the relationship between exercise and healthy aging are still unclear. METHODS: Tai Chi participants and matched sedentary volunteers age 45 and above were enrolled. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities; levels of DNA damage using the comet assay; and malondialdehyde (MDA) and advanced glycation end products (AGE) were determined at 0, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS: Tai Chi subjects had decreased normal and increased mildly damaged DNA with elevated GPx activity after 6 months (n=25). Plasma MDA and AGE concentrations decreased significantly after 12 months (n=15) accompanied by increased SOD activity. This may be attributed to the hormesis effect, whereby mild induction of oxidative stress at the first 6 months of exercise resulted in stimulation of antioxidant defenses. These parameters were unchanged in the sedentary subjects in the first 6 months (n=27) except for elevated SOD activity. After 12 months, the sedentary subjects (n=17) had decreased normal DNA and increased severely damaged DNA with unaltered MDA and AGE levels while SOD and GPx activities were significantly elevated. CONCLUSION: Regular Tai Chi exercise stimulated endogenous antioxidant enzymes and reduced oxidative damage markers. Article Published Date : Jan 01, 2009

Abstract Title: Pilot study of a 10-week multidisciplinary Tai Chi intervention in sedentary obese women. Abstract Source: Clin J Sport Med. 2009 Jan;19(1):49-53. PMID: 19124984 Abstract Author(s): Arnaud Dechamps, Blandine Gatta, Isabelle Bourdel-Marchasson, Antoine Tabarin, Patrick Roger Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Alternative approaches to weight control and physical activity are increasingly needed. Numerous factors influence weight management, including the choice of physical exercise. No study has previously examined the therapeutic effect of a multidisciplinary weight management program incorporating Tai Chi (TC) exercises among sedentary obese women. DESIGN: Randomized intervention trial with blinded medical provider. SETTING: In day hospital consultations. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-one obese women. INTERVENTION: All subjects participated in a 10-week weight management program that was part of usual care and included a hypocaloric balanced diet, a weekly physician/psychologist/dietician group session, and an exercise program. For the exercise component, subjects were randomized to either a 2-hour weekly session of TC or a conventional structured exercise program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in weight, body composition, heart rate, blood pressure, mobility scores, mood, Three Factor Eating Questionnaire scores, and General Self-Efficacy. RESULTS: The TC arm improved in resting systolic blood pressure, chair rise test, mood, and reduced percent of fat at week 10 and at 6 months follow-up. General self-efficacy was enhanced in both groups and maintained at 30 weeks. CONCLUSION: The observed benefits over a 30-week period of a multidisciplinary weight management program incorporating TC exercises on physical functioning mood and dietary restraint need further understanding of how sedentary obese women adhere to physical activity like TC or other alternative exercises. Article Published Date : Jan 01, 2009

Abstract Title: Tai chi for disease activity and flexibility in patients with ankylosing spondylitis--a controlled clinical trial. Abstract Source: Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2008 Dec;5(4):457-62. Epub 2007 Jul 13. PMID: 18955296 Abstract Author(s): Eun-Nam Lee, Young-Hee Kim, Won Tae Chung, Myeong Soo Lee Abstract: We investigated the effects of tai chi on disease activity, flexibility and depression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). We allocated 40 patients to either a tai chi treatment group or a no-treatment control group. The tai chi group performed 60 min of tai chi twice weekly for eight consecutive weeks and 8 weeks of home-based tai chi, after which the group showed significant improvement in disease activity and flexibility compared to the control group. All outcome measures were significantly lower in the tai chi group than they were during pre-treatment, while they did not change in the control group. These findings suggest that tai chi can improve disease activity and flexibility for patients with AS. Tai chi is an easily accessible therapy for patients and, as such, may be an effective intervention for AS. However, we cannot completely discount the possibility that the placebo effect was responsible for the improvement. Article Published Date : Dec 01, 2008

Abstract Title: Cycling and Tai Chi Chuan exercises exert greater immunomodulatory effect on surface antigen expression of human hepatitis B virus. Abstract Source: Chin Med J (Engl). 2008 Nov 5;121(21):2172-9. PMID: 19080180 Abstract Author(s): Yu-Yawn Chen, Jasson Chiang, Yu-Jen Chen, Kung-Tung Chen, Rong-Sen Yang, Jaung-Geng Lin Abstract: BACKGROUND: Both athletes with intensive exercise and aged people may have weakened immunity against virus infection. This study aimed to evaluate whether people undergoing aerobic exercises including competitive cyclists with moderate training (CMT) and middle-aged people practicing Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) exercise have higher immunity against hepatitis B virus than age-matched sedentary controls including college students (CSC) and middle-aged people (MSC). METHODS: Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from competitive cyclists and sedentary controls were stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) to prepare conditioned medium (MNC-CM) for the assessment of inhibitory effects on hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) expression in human hepatoma Hep3B cells. RESULTS: The inhibitory effects on the relative HBsAg expression of CMT's and TCC's MNC-CM were greater than those of the controls. The CMT's MNC-CM prepared from 5 microg/ml PHA decreased HBsAg expression to 61.5%, whereas that of CSC remained at 83.8%. Similarly, this expression by treatment of TCC group' MNC-CM was 68.4% whereas that of MSC group was 84.3%. The levels of cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IFN-alpha and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in the MNC-CM from the CMT and TCC groups were greater than those in the controls. Antibody neutralization of CMT's MNC-CM and addition of recombinant cytokines into CSC's MNC-CM indicated that IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IFN-alpha had synergistic effects against HBsAg expression. Similar blocking effect was noted in TCC versus MSC groups. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the immunomodulatory response to suppress HBsAg expression in CMT and TCC with moderate aerobic exercise is greater than that in age-matched sedentary controls. Article Published Date : Nov 05, 2008

Abstract Title: Long term Tai Chi exercise reduced DNA damage and increased lymphocyte apoptosis and proliferation in older adults. Abstract Source: Med J Malaysia. 2008 Oct;63(4):319-24. PMID: 19385493 Abstract Author(s): J A Goon, A H Noor Aini, M Musalmah, M Y Yasmin Anum, W Z Wan Ngah Abstract: Effect of Tai Chi exercise on the level of DNA damage using the comet assay, lymphocyte viability and frequency of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) were determined in adults aged above 45. Tai Chi participants of 7 years (n=35), showed higher level of normal DNA and lower level of mild and severely damaged DNA as compared to the sedentary subjects (n=35). The former are suggested to have effective DNA repair mechanism as their frequency of SCE was markedly lower. Higher lymphocyte apoptosis and proliferation found in the Tai Chi participants also indicated that the exercise promotes renewal and regeneration of lymphocytes. Article Published Date : Oct 01, 2008

Abstract Title: Tai Chi improves balance and mobility in people with Parkinson disease. Abstract Source: Gait Posture. 2008 Oct;28(3):456-60. Epub 2008 Apr 18. PMID: 18378456 Abstract Author(s): Madeleine E Hackney, Gammon M Earhart Abstract: This pilot study examines the effects of Tai Chi on balance, gait and mobility in people with Parkinson disease (PD). Thirty-three people with PD were randomly assigned to either a Tai Chi group or a control group. The Tai Chi group participated in 20 1-h long training sessions completed within 10-13 weeks; whereas, the control group had two testing sessions between 10 and 13 weeks apart without interposed training. The Tai Chi group improved more than the control group on the Berg Balance Scale, UPDRS, Timed Up and Go, tandem stance test, six-minute walk, and backward walking. Neither group improved in forward walking or the one leg stance test. All Tai Chi participants reported satisfaction with the program and improvements in well-being. Tai Chi appears to be an appropriate, safe and effective form of exercise for some individuals with mild-moderately severe PD. Article Published Date : Oct 01, 2008

Abstract Title: Improving sleep quality in older adults with moderate sleep complaints: A randomized controlled trial of Tai Chi Chih. Abstract Source: Sleep. 2008 Jul 1;31(7):1001-8. PMID: 18652095 Abstract Author(s): Michael R Irwin, Richard Olmstead, Sarosh J Motivala Abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy of a novel behavioral intervention, Tai Chi Chih, to promote sleep quality in older adults with moderate sleep complaints. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial with 16 weeks of teaching followed by practice and assessment 9 weeks later. The main outcome measure was sleep quality, as assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). SETTING: General community at 2 sites in the US between 2001 and 2005. PARTICIPANTS: Volunteer sample of 112 healthy older adults, aged 59 to 86 years. Intervention: Random allocation to Tai Chi Chih or health education for 25 weeks. RESULTS: Among adults with moderate sleep complaints, as defined by PSQI global score of 5 or greater, subjects in the Tai Chi Chih condition were more likely to achieve a treatment response, as defined by PSQI less than 5, compared to those in health education (P < 0.05). Subjects in the Tai Chi Chih condition with poor sleep quality also showed significant improvements in PSQI global score (P < 0.001) as well as in the sleep parameters of rated sleep quality (P < 0.05), habitual sleep efficiency (P < 0.05), sleep duration (P < 0.01), and sleep disturbance (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Tai Chi Chih can be considered a useful nonpharmacologic approach to improve sleep quality in older adults with moderate complaints and, thereby, has the potential to ameliorate sleep complaints possibly before syndromal insomnia develops. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00118885. Article Published Date : Jul 01, 2008

Abstract Title: Tai Chi Chuan training improves the pulmonary function of asthmatic children. Abstract Source: J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2008 Feb;41(1):88-95. PMID: 18327432 Abstract Author(s): Yu-Feng Chang, Yao-Hsu Yang, Chin-Chieh Chen, Bor-Luen Chiang Abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Tai Chi Chuan, a traditional Chinese exercise, is thought to improve cardiopulmonary function in patients with chronic disease. This study investigated the effect of Tai Chi Chuan on the pulmonary function and daily symptoms of asthmatic children. METHODS: Thirty asthmatic children were enrolled into the study. Fifteen of the 30 children participated in a 12-week Tai Chi Chuan program and the remaining 15 constituted the control group. Prior to study participation, the pulmonary function of all enrolled children was assessed at rest, after exercise, and after exercise plus iced water. A 3-day symptoms questionnaire was also completed and a score obtained after each pulmonary function test. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the two groups in baseline pulmonary function and severity of asthmatic symptoms before study commencement, at rest, after exercise, or after exercise plus iced water. However, after the 12-week program, children in the Tai Chi Chuan group had a significant improvement in pulmonary function compared to the control group. Although there were no significant differences in post-training symptom scores at rest and after exercise between the two groups, under the stronger challenge of exercise plus iced water, children in the Tai Chi Chuan group had milder symptoms than those in the control group. CONCLUSION: Our data show that Tai Chi Chuan can improve the pulmonary function of asthmatic children. However, long-term follow-up is required to determine the impact of Tai Chi Chuan on the severity of asthmatic symptoms. Article Published Date : Feb 01, 2008

Abstract Title: T'ai Chi exercise in patients with chronic heart failure. Abstract Source: Med Sport Sci. 2008;52:195-208. PMID: 18487899 Abstract Author(s): Gloria Y Yeh, Peter M Wayne, Russell S Phillips Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the physiological and psychosocial effects of a 12-week T'ai Chi program (TC) in patients with heart failure (HF) as previously reported in a clinical trial. METHODS: We randomized 30 patients with chronic HF (left ventricular ejection fraction < or =40%) to receive TC plus usual care (n = 15), or usual care alone (wait-list control, n = 15). Outcome measures included quality of life, exercise capacity, B-type natriuretic peptide, catecholamine levels, heart rate variability, and sleep stability. RESULTS: The mean age (+/-SD) of patients was 64 +/- 13 years, mean baseline ejection fraction (+/-SD) was 23 +/- 7%, and median New York Heart Association Class was 2 (range 1-4). At 12 weeks, patients who participated in TC showed improved quality of life (mean change -17 +/- 11 vs. 8 +/- 15, Minnesota Living with HF Questionnaire, p = 0.001), increased exercise capacity (mean change 85 +/- 46 vs. -51 +/-58 m, 6-min walk, p = 0.001), and decreased B-type natriuretic peptide (mean change -48 +/- 104 vs. 90 +/- 333 pg/ml, p = 0.03) compared to the control group. Those who participated in TC also showed improvement in sleep stability (increase in high-frequency coupling +0.05 +/- 0.10 vs. -0.06 +/- 0.09 proportion of estimated total sleep time, p = 0.04; reduction in low-frequency coupling -0.09 +/- 0.09 vs. +0.13 +/- 0.13 proportion of estimated total sleep time, p < 0.01), compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: TC may enhance quality of life, exercise capacity, and sleep stability in patients with chronic HF. Article Published Date : Jan 01, 2008

Abstract Title: Tai Chi improves pain and functional status in adults with rheumatoid arthritis: results of a pilot single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Abstract Source: Med Sport Sci. 2008;52:218-29. PMID: 18487901 Abstract Author(s): Chenchen Wang Abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a serious health problem resulting in significant morbidity and disability. Tai Chi may be beneficial to patients with RA as a result of effects on muscle strength and 'mind-body' interactions. To obtain preliminary data on the effects of Tai Chi on RA, we conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial. Twenty patients with functional class I or II RA were randomly assigned to Tai Chi or attention control in twice-weekly sessions for 12 weeks. The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20 response criterion, functional capacity, health-related quality of life and the depression index were assessed. RESULTS: At 12 weeks, 5/10 patients (50%) randomized to Tai Chi achieved an ACR 20% response compared with 0/10 (0%) in the control (p = 0.03). Tai Chi had greater improvement in the disability index (p = 0.01), vitality subscale of the Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36 (p = 0.01) and the depression index (p = 0.003). Similar trends to improvement were also observed for disease activity, functional capacity and health-related quality of life. No adverse events were observed and no patients withdrew from the study. CONCLUSION: Tai Chi appears safe and may be beneficial for functional class I or II RA. These promising results warrant further investigation into the potential complementary role of Tai Chi for treatment of RA. Article Published Date : Jan 01, 2008

Abstract Title: An evaluation of the effects of Tai Chi Chuan and Chi Kung training in patients with symptomatic heart failure: a randomised controlled pilot study. Abstract Source: Postgrad Med J. 2007 Nov;83(985):717-21. PMID: 17989272 Abstract Author(s): D E Barrow, A Bedford, G Ives, L O'Toole, K S Channer Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of Tai Chi on exercise tolerance in patients with moderate heart failure. DESIGN: Randomised parallel group study balanced for baseline variables. SETTING: Cardiology Department, Royal Hallamshire Hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 52 patients (42 men, mean age (68.9 years), range (46-90 years), and 10 women, mean age (70.0 years), range (58-82)) with chronic heart failure (New York Heart Association symptom class II-III) were studied. Patients were randomised to Tai Chi Chuan twice a week for 16 weeks or to standard medical care without exercise rehabilitation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measure was the change in the distance walked in the shuttle walk test. Secondary outcome measures were changes in symptom scores and quality of life indices. RESULTS: Objective measures of exercise tolerance did not improve significantly with Tai Chi, but patients having Tai Chi exercise had an improvement in symptom scores of heart failure measured by the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (comparison of deltas, -2.4 control vs -14.9; p = 0.01), and depression scores measured by the SCL-90-R questionnaire (-2.9 vs -6.8; p = 0.12) compared with those patients in the control group. CONCLUSION: In patients with chronic heart failure, 16 weeks of Tai Chi training was safe, with no adverse exercise related problems. It was enjoyed by all taking part and led to significant improvements in symptoms and quality of life. Article Published Date : Nov 01, 2007

Abstract Title: A randomized, controlled trial of tai chi for the prevention of falls: the Central Sydney tai chi trial. Abstract Source: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007 Aug;55(8):1185-91. PMID: 17661956 Abstract Author(s): Alexander Voukelatos, Robert G Cumming, Stephen R Lord, Chris Rissel Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of a 16-week community-based tai chi program in reducing falls and improving balance in people aged 60 and older. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial with waiting list control group. SETTING: Community in Sydney, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred two relatively healthy community-dwelling people aged 60 and older (mean age 69). INTERVENTION: Sixteen-week program of community-based tai chi classes of 1 hour duration per week. MEASUREMENTS: Falls during 16 and 24 weeks of follow-up were assessed using a calendar method. Balance was measured at baseline and 16-week follow-up using six balance tests. RESULTS: Falls were less frequent in the tai chi group than in the control group. Using Cox regression and time to first fall, the hazard ratio after 16 weeks was 0.72 (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.51-1.01, P=.06), and after 24 weeks it was 0.67 (95% CI=0.49-0.93, P=.02). There was no difference in the percentage of participants who had one or more falls. There were statistically significant differences in changes in balance favoring the tai chi group on five of six balance tests. CONCLUSION: Participation in once per week tai chi classes for 16 weeks can prevent falls in relatively healthy community-dwelling older people. Article Published Date : Aug 01, 2007

Abstract Title: The effects of Tai Chi on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a systematic review. Abstract Source: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007 May;88(5):673-80. PMID: 17466739 Abstract Author(s): Peter M Wayne, Douglas P Kiel, David E Krebs, Roger B Davis, Jacqueline Savetsky-German, Maureen Connelly, Julie E Buring Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the evidence for Tai Chi as an intervention to reduce rate of bone loss in postmenopausal women. DATA SOURCES: Literature search using Medline, Science Citation Index, Cochrane databases, China Biological Medicine Database, and additional manual reference searches of retrieved articles and personal libraries. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), prospective cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies that included Tai Chi as an intervention, and had at least 1 outcome related to measurement of bone mineral density (BMD). DATA EXTRACTION: Authors critically reviewed studies, evaluated methodologic quality, and synthesized study results in a summary table. DATA SYNTHESIS: Six controlled studies were identified by our search. There were 2 RCTs, 2 nonrandomized prospective parallel cohort studies, and 2 cross-sectional studies. The 2 RCTs and 1 of the prospective cohort studies suggested that Tai Chi-naive women who participated in Tai Chi training exhibited reduced rates of postmenopausal declines in BMD. Cross-sectional studies suggested that long-term Tai Chi practitioners had higher BMD than age-matched sedentary controls, and had slower rates of postmenopausal BMD decline. No adverse effects related to Tai Chi were reported in any trial. CONCLUSIONS: Conclusions on the impact of Tai Chi on BMD are limited by the quantity and quality of research to date. This limited evidence suggests Tai Chi may be an effective, safe, and practical intervention for maintaining BMD in postmenopausal women. In combination with research that indicates Tai Chi can positively impact other risk factors associated with low BMD (eg, reduced fall frequency, increased musculoskeletal strength), further methodologically sound research is warranted to better evaluate the impact of Tai Chi practice on BMD and fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Article Published Date : May 01, 2007

Abstract Title: Augmenting immune responses to varicella zoster virus in older adults: a randomized, controlled trial of Tai Chi. Abstract Source: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007 Apr;55(4):511-7. PMID: 17397428 Abstract Author(s): Michael R Irwin, Richard Olmstead, Michael N Oxman Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of a behavioral intervention, Tai Chi, on resting and vaccine-stimulated levels of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to varicella zoster virus (VZV) and on health functioning in older adults. DESIGN: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial with allocation to two arms (Tai Chi and health education) for 25 weeks. After 16 weeks of intervention, subjects were vaccinated with VARIVAX, the live attenuated Oka/Merck VZV vaccine licensed to prevent varicella. SETTING: Two urban U.S. communities between 2001 and 2005. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 112 healthy older adults aged 59 to 86. MEASUREMENTS: The primary endpoint was a quantitative measure of VZV-CMI. Secondary outcomes were scores on the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). RESULTS: The Tai Chi group showed higher levels of VZV-CMI than the health education group (P<.05), with a significant rate of increase (P<.001) that was nearly twice that found in the health education group. Tai Chi alone induced an increase in VZV-CMI that was comparable in magnitude with that induced by varicella vaccine, and the two were additive; Tai Chi, together with vaccine, produced a substantially higher level of VZV-CMI than vaccine alone. The Tai Chi group also showed significant improvements in SF-36 scores for physical functioning, bodily pain, vitality, and mental health (P<.05). CONCLUSION: Tai Chi augments resting levels of VZV-specific CMI and boosts VZV-CMI of the varicella vaccine. Article Published Date : Apr 01, 2007

Abstract Title: [The effect of Tai Chi movement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. Abstract Source: Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2006 Apr;36(2):278-85. PMID: 16691045 Abstract Author(s): Kang-Yi Lee, Ok-Yeon Jeong Abstract: PURPOSE: This study was performed to verify the effect of Tai Chi exercise on patients with rheumatoid arthritis particularly their level of pain, fatigue, sense of balance and daily life performance (ADL). METHOD: It employed a non-equivalent control group pre- and post-test design. The research instruments used in this study were pain, fatigue, sense of balance and ADL. Thirty-two patients in the experimental group carried out 50 minutes of Tai Chi exercise for 12 weeks, and 29 patients in the control group did not. Before and after the experiment, both groups were tested for pain, fatigue, sense of balance and ADL. Collected data were processed using the SPSS/WIN 10.0 program analyzed by the frequency, percentage, chi2-test, and t-test. RESULTS: Pain and fatigue significantly decreased in the experimental group. However the improvement in ADL of the rheumatoid arthritis patients was not statistically significant but their sense of balance was enhanced significantly. CONCLUSION: Tai Chi exercise is an effective nursing intervention that can be used for rheumatoid arthritis patients. Article Published Date : Apr 01, 2006

Abstract Title: Tai Chi and fall reductions in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Abstract Source: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005 Feb;60(2):187-94. PMID: 15814861 Abstract Author(s): Fuzhong Li, Peter Harmer, K John Fisher, Edward McAuley, Nigel Chaumeton, Elizabeth Eckstrom, Nicole L Wilson Abstract: BACKGROUND: The authors' objective was to evaluate the efficacy of a 6-month Tai Chi intervention for decreasing the number of falls and the risk for falling in older persons. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial involved a sample of 256 physically inactive, community-dwelling adults aged 70 to 92 (mean age, 77.48 years; standard deviation, 4.95 years) who were recruited through a patient database in Portland, Oregon. Participants were randomized to participate in a three-times-per-week Tai Chi group or to a stretching control group for 6 months. The primary outcome measure was the number of falls; the secondary outcome measures included functional balance (Berg Balance Scale, Dynamic Gait Index, Functional Reach, and single-leg standing), physical performance (50-foot speed walk, Up&Go), and fear of falling, assessed at baseline, 3 months, 6 months (intervention termination), and at a 6-month postintervention follow-up. RESULTS: At the end of the 6-month intervention, significantly fewer falls (n=38 vs 73; p=.007), lower proportions of fallers (28% vs 46%; p=.01), and fewer injurious falls (7% vs 18%; p=.03) were observed in the Tai Chi group compared with the stretching control group. After adjusting for baseline covariates, the risk for multiple falls in the Tai Chi group was 55% lower than that of the stretching control group (risk ratio,.45; 95% confidence interval, 0.30 to 0.70). Compared with the stretching control participants, the Tai Chi participants showed significant improvements (p<.001) in all measures of functional balance, physical performance, and reduced fear of falling. Intervention gains in these measures were maintained at a 6-month postintervention follow-up in the Tai Chi group. CONCLUSIONS: A three-times-per-week, 6-month Tai Chi program is effective in decreasing the number of falls, the risk for falling, and the fear of falling, and it improves functional balance and physical performance in physically inactive persons aged 70 years or older. Article Published Date : Feb 01, 2005

Abstract Title: Tai chi and self-rated quality of sleep and daytime sleepiness in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Abstract Source: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004 Jun;52(6):892-900. PMID: 15161452 Abstract Author(s): Fuzhong Li, K John Fisher, Peter Harmer, Dainis Irbe, Robert G Tearse, Cheryl Weimer Article Affiliation: Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon 87403, USA. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of tai chi on self-rated sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in older adults reporting moderate sleep complaints. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial with allocation to tai chi or exercise control. SETTING: General community. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred eighteen women and men aged 60 to 92. INTERVENTION: Participants were randomized into tai chi or low-impact exercise and participated in a 60-minute session, three times per week, for 24 consecutive weeks. MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcome measures were the seven subscales of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), PSQI global score, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Secondary outcome measures were physical performance (single leg stand, timed chair rise, 50-foot speed walk) and 12-item short form (SF-12) physical and mental summary scores. RESULTS: Tai chi participants reported significant improvements in five of the PSQI subscale scores (sleep quality, sleep-onset latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances) (P<.01), PSQI global score (P=.001), and ESS scores (P=.002) in comparison with the low-impact exercise participants. Tai chi participants reported sleep-onset latency of about 18 minutes less per night (95% confidence interval (CI)=-28.64 to -7.12) and sleep duration of about 48 minutes more per night (95% CI=14.71-82.41) than low-impact exercise participants. Tai chi participants also showed better scores in secondary outcome measures than low-impact exercise participants. Both groups reported improvements in SF-12 mental summary scores. CONCLUSION: Older adults with moderate sleep complaints can improve self-rated sleep quality through a 6-month, low- to moderate-intensity tai chi program. Tai chi appears to be effective as a nonpharmacological approach to sleep enhancement for sleep-disturbed elderly individuals. Article Published Date : Jun 01, 2004

Abstract Title: A randomized, prospective study of the effects of Tai Chi Chun exercise on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Abstract Source: 1: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004 May;85(5):717-22. PMID:15129394 Abstract Author(s): Kaiming Chan, Ling Qin, Mingchu Lau, Jean Woo, Szeki Au, Wingyee Choy, Kwongman Lee, Shiuhung Lee Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential benefits of programmed Tai Chi Chun (TCC) exercise on the weight-bearing bones of early postmenopausal women. DESIGN: Age-matched and randomized prospective intervention. SETTING: University medical school. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred thirty-two healthy postmenopausal women (mean age, 54.0+/-3.5y) within 10 years of menopause onset were recruited and randomized into the TCC exercise group (n=67) or the sedentary control group (n=65). INTERVENTION: Supervised TCC exercise was performed by the TCC group for 45 minutes a day, 5 days a week, for 12 months; control subjects retained a sedentary life style.Main outcome measures Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in the lumbar spine and proximal femur by using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and in the distal tibia by using multislice peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). All BMD measurements were repeated after 12 months in both groups. Fracture rate was also documented. RESULTS: Baseline measurements showed homogeneity in age, anthropometric variables, and menstruation status between the TCC and control groups. Exactly 81.6% of the subjects in the TCC group and 83.1% of subjects in the control group completed the 12-month follow-up study. BMD measurements revealed a general bone loss in both TCC and sedentary control subjects at all measured skeletal sites, but with a reportedly slower rate in the TCC group. A significant 2.6- to 3.6-fold retardation of bone loss (P<.01) was found in both trabecular and cortical compartments of the distal tibia in the TCC group as compared with the controls, as measured by pQCT. A total of 4 fracture cases were documented during follow-up, including 3 subjects in the control group and 1 in the TCC group. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first prospective and randomized study to show that a programmed TCC exercise intervention is beneficial for retarding bone loss in weight-bearing bones in early postmenopausal women. Long-term follow-up is needed to substantiate the role of TCC exercise in the prevention of osteoporosis and its related fracture. Article Published Date : May 01, 2004

Abstract Title: Tai chi for treating rheumatoid arthritis. Abstract Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(3):CD004849. PMID: 15266544 Abstract Author(s): A Han, V Robinson, M Judd, W Taixiang, G Wells, P Tugwell Abstract: BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease that results in the destruction of the musculoskeletal system. The major goals of treatment are to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, slow down or stop joint damage, prevent disability, and preserve or improve the person's sense of well-being and ability to function. Tai Chi, interchangeably known as Tai Chi Chuan, is an ancient Chinese health-promoting martial art form that has been recognized in China as an effective arthritis therapy for centuries. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety of Tai Chi as a treatment for people with RA. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CCTR), MEDLINE, Pedro and CINAHL databases up to September 2002, using the Cochrane Collaboration search strategy for randomised controlled trials. We also searched the Chinese Biomedical Database up to December 2003 and the Beijing Chinese Academy of Traditional Medicine up to December 2003. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials examining the benefits and harms of exercise programs with Tai Chi instruction or incorporating principles of Tai Chi philosophy were selected. We included control groups who received no therapy, sham therapy or another type of therapy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers determined the studies to be included in this review, rated the methodological quality and extracted data using standardized forms. MAIN RESULTS: Four trials including 206 participants, were included in this review. Tai Chi-based exercise programs had no clinically important or statistically significant effect on most outcomes of disease activity, which included activities of daily living, tender and swollen joints and patient global overall rating. For range of motion, Tai Chi participants had statistically significant and clinically important improvements in ankle plantar flexion. No detrimental effects were found. One study found that compared to people who participated in traditional ROM exercise/rest programs those in a Tai Chi dance program reported a significantly higher level of participation in and enjoyment of exercise both immediately and four months after completion of the Tai Chi program. REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest Tai Chi does not exacerbate symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, Tai Chi has statistically significant benefits on lower extremity range of motion, in particular ankle range of motion, for people with RA. The included studies did not assess the effects on patient-reported pain. Article Published Date : Jan 01, 2004

Abstract Title: Effects of a behavioral intervention, Tai Chi Chih, on varicella-zoster virus specific immunity and health functioning in older adults. Abstract Source: Psychosom Med. 2003 Sep-Oct;65(5):824-30. PMID: 14508027 Abstract Author(s): Michael R Irwin, Jennifer L Pike, Jason C Cole, Michael N Oxman Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Both the incidence and severity of herpes zoster (shingles) increase markedly with increasing age in association with a decline in varicella-zoster virus (VZV) specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI). This study examined whether a behavioral intervention, Tai Chi Chih (TCC), affects VZV specific immunity and health functioning in older adults who, on average, show impairments of health status and are at risk for shingles. METHODS: Thirty-six men and women (age>or =60 years) were assigned randomly to a 15-week program of TCC instruction (three 45 minute classes per week; N = 18) or a wait list control condition (N = 18). VZV-specific CMI was measured at baseline and at 1-week postintervention. Health functioning (Medical Outcome scale: SF-36) was assessed at baseline, and at 5, 10, and 15 weeks during the intervention, and at 1-week postintervention. RESULTS: In the intent-to-treat sample, VZV-specific CMI increased 50% from baseline to 1-week postintervention in the TCC group (p<0.05) but was unchanged in the wait list control group. In those who completed the study, 1-week postintervention SF-36 scale scores for role-physical (p<0.05) and physical functioning (p<0.05) were higher in the TCC group (N = 14) as compared with controls (N = 17). Older adults who had impairments of physical status at baseline showed the greatest increases of SF-36 role-physical (p<0.01) and physical functioning (p<0.001) during the TCC intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of TCC for 15 weeks led to an increase in VZV-specific CMI. Gains in health functioning were found in participants who received TCC and were most marked in those older adults who had the greatest impairments of health status. Article Published Date : Sep 01, 2003

Abstract Title: Effects of T'ai Chi exercise on fibromyalgia symptoms and health-related quality of life. Abstract Source: Orthop Nurs. 2003 Sep-Oct;22(5):353-60. PMID: 14595996 Abstract Author(s): Helen M Taggart, Christine L Arslanian, Sejong Bae, Karan Singh Article Affiliation: Armstrong Atlantic State University, Savannah, GA, USA. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia (FM), one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders, is associated with high levels of impaired health and inadequate or limited symptom relief. The cause of this complex syndrome is unknown, and there is no known cure. Numerous research results indicate that a combination of physical exercise and mind-body therapy is effective in symptom management. T'ai Chi, an ancient Chinese exercise, combines physical exercise with mindbody therapy. PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of T'ai Chi exercise on FM symptoms and health-related quality of life. DESIGN: Pilot study, one group pre-to-post posttest design. METHODS: Participants with FM (n = 39) formed a single group for 6 weeks of 1-hour, twice weekly T'ai Chi exercise classes. FM symptoms and health-related quality of life were measured before and after exercise. FINDINGS: Twenty-one participants completed at least 10 of the 12 exercise sessions. Although the dropout rate was higher than expected, measurements on both the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) (Buckhardt, Clark,&Bennett, 1991) and the Short Form-36 (SE-36) (Ware&Sherbourne, 1992) revealed statistically significant improvement in symptom management and health-related quality of life. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING RESEARCH: Knowledge of interventions to enhance health for the patient with musculoskeletal problems is a National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses priority. Tai Chi is potentially beneficial to patients with FM. Further research is needed to support evidence-based practice. Article Published Date : Sep 01, 2003

Abstract Title: Effects of T'ai Chi training on function and quality of life indicators in older adults with osteoarthritis. Abstract Source: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000 Dec;48(12):1553-9. PMID: 11129742 Abstract Author(s): C A Hartman, T M Manos, C Winter, D M Hartman, B Li, J C Smith Article Affiliation: Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of T'ai Chi training on arthritis self-efficacy, quality of life indicators, and lower extremity functional mobility in older adults with osteoarthritis. DESIGN: A prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Intervention length was 12 weeks, with outcomes measured before and after intervention using blinded testers. Group (T'ai Chi vs Control) x time (2 x 2) mixed factorial ANOVA. SETTING: Allied Health Sciences Center at Springfield College, Springfield, MA PARTICIPANTS: A total of 33 community-dwelling participants (mean age 68) diagnosed with lower extremity osteoarthritis and having no prior T'ai Chi training longer than 2 weeks. INTERVENTION: T'ai Chi training included two 1-hour T'ai Chi classes per week for 12 weeks. MEASUREMENTS: Arthritis self-efficacy (Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale), quality of life indicators (Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale), functional outcomes (one-leg standing balance, 50-foot walking speed, time to rise from a chair). RESULTS: T'ai Chi participants experienced significant (P<.05) improvements in self-efficacy for arthritis symptoms, total arthritis self-efficacy, level of tension, and satisfaction with general health status. CONCLUSIONS: A moderate T'ai Chi intervention can enhance arthritis self-efficacy, quality of life, and functional mobility among older adults with osteoarthritis. T'ai Chi training is a safe and effective complementary therapy in the medical management of lower extremity osteoarthritis. Article Published Date : Dec 01, 2000

Abstract Title: The effects of aerobic exercise and T'ai Chi on blood pressure in older people: results of a randomized trial. Abstract Source: J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999 Mar;47(3):277-84. PMID: 10078888 Abstract Author(s): D R Young, L J Appel, S Jee, E R Miller Article Affiliation: Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects on blood pressure of a 12-week moderate-intensity aerobic exercise program and a T'ai Chi program of light activity. DESIGN: A randomized clinical trial. SETTING: A suburban clinic in the Baltimore, MD, area. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-two sedentary older adults (45% black, 79% women, aged>or = 60 years) with systolic blood pressure 130-159 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure<95 mm Hg (not on antihypertensive medication). INTERVENTION: Participants were randomized to a 12-week aerobic exercise program or a light intensity T'ai Chi program. The goal of each condition was to exercise 4 days per week, 30 minutes per day. MEASUREMENTS: Blood pressure was measured during three screening visits and every 2 weeks during the intervention. Estimated maximal oxygen uptake and measures of physical activity level were determined at baseline and at the end of the intervention period. RESULTS: Mean (SD) baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 139.9 (9.3) mm Hg and 76.0 (7.3) mm Hg, respectively. For systolic blood pressure, adjusted mean (SE) changes during the 12-week intervention period were -8.4 (1.6) mm Hg and -7.0 (1.6) mm Hg in the aerobic exercise and T'ai Chi groups, respectively (each within-group P<.001; between-group P = .56). For diastolic blood pressure, corresponding changes were -3.2 (1.0) mm Hg in the aerobic exercise group and -2.4 (1.0) mm Hg in the T'ai Chi group (each within-group P<.001; between-group P = .54). Body weight did not change in either group. Estimated maximal aerobic capacity tended to increase in aerobic exercise (P = .06) but not in T'ai Chi (P = .24). CONCLUSIONS: Programs of moderate intensity aerobic exercise and light exercise may have similar effects on blood pressure in previously sedentary older individuals. If additional trials confirm these results, promoting light intensity activity could have substantial public health benefits as a means to reduce blood pressure in older aged persons. Article Published Date : Mar 01, 1999