CYBERMED LIFE - ORGANIC  & NATURAL LIVING

Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is the development of cancer in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. Most prostate cancers are slow growing; however, some grow relatively quickly. The cancer cells may spread from the prostate to other area of the body, particularly the bones and lymph nodes. It may initially cause no symptoms. In later stages, it can lead to difficulty urinating, blood in the urine or pain in the pelvis, back, or when urinating. A disease known as benign prostatic hyperplasia may produce similar symptoms. Other late symptoms may include feeling tired due to low levels of red blood cells.

Factors that increase the risk of prostate cancer include older age, a family history of the disease, and race. About 99% of cases occur in males over the age of 50. Having a first-degree relative with the disease increases the risk two to threefold. In the United States, it is more common in the African American population than the White American population. Other factors that may be involved include a diet high in processed meat, red meat or milk products or low in certain vegetables. An association with gonorrhea has been found, but a reason for this relationship has not been identified. An increased risk is associated with the BRCA mutations. Prostate cancer is diagnosed by biopsy. Medical imaging may then be done to determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

Prostate cancer screening is controversial. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing increases cancer detection, but it is controversial regarding whether it improves outcomes. Informed decision making is recommended when it comes to screening among those 55 to 69 years old. Testing, if carried out, is more reasonable in those with a longer life expectancy. While 5α-reductase inhibitors appear to decrease low-grade cancer risk, they do not affect high-grade cancer risk and thus are not recommended for prevention. Supplementation with vitamins or minerals does not appear to affect the risk.

Many cases are managed with active surveillance or watchful waiting. Other treatments may include a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy or chemotherapy. When it only occurs inside the prostate, it may be curable. In those in whom the disease has spread to the bones, pain medications, bisphosphonates and targeted therapy, among others, may be useful. Outcomes depend on a person's age and other health problems as well as how aggressive and extensive the cancer is. Most people with prostate cancer do not end up dying from the disease. The 5-year survival rate in the United States is 99%. Globally, it is the second most common type of cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death in men. In 2012, it occurred in 1.1 million men and caused 307,000 deaths. It was the most common cancer in males in 84 countries, occurring more commonly in the developed world. Rates have been increasing in the developing world. Detection increased significantly in the 1980s and 1990s in many areas due to increased PSA testing. Studies of males who died from unrelated causes have found prostate cancer in 30% to 70% of those over age 60.

  • A low-fat diet and/or strenuous exercise alters the IGF axis in vivo and reduces prostate tumor cell growth in vitro.

    Abstract Title:

    A low-fat diet and/or strenuous exercise alters the IGF axis in vivo and reduces prostate tumor cell growth in vitro.

    Abstract Source:

    Prostate. 2003 Aug 1;56(3):201-6. PMID: 12772189

    Abstract Author(s):

    R James Barnard, Tung H Ngo, Pak-Shan Leung, William J Aronson, Lawrence A Golding

    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer is the most common solid-tumor cancer in US males but is rare in Asian males. When Asian men adopt the US lifestyle, clinical prostate cancer increases greatly. Epidemiological data from men in the US indicate that regular activity may reduce the risk for prostate cancer.

    METHODS: Serum was obtained from three groups of similar-aged men, Control, Diet and Exercise, and Exercise alone were used to stimulate LNCaP cells in culture. Growth and apoptosis of tumor cells were measured. Serum samples were also used to measure insulin, IGF-1, IGFBP-1.

    RESULTS: The Diet and Exercise and the Exercise alone groups had lower serum insulin and IGF-1 but higher IGFBP-1 compared to Controls. LNCaP cell growth was reduced in both groups compared to Control and there was a major increase in apoptosis of tumor cells.

    CONCLUSIONS: A low-fat diet and/or intensive exercise results in change in serum hormones and growth factors in vivo that can reduce growth and induce apoptosis of LNCaP prostate tumor cells in vitro. Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

  • A mechanism to explain how regular exercise might reduce the risk for clinical prostate cancer.

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    Abstract Title:

    A mechanism to explain how regular exercise might reduce the risk for clinical prostate cancer.

    Abstract Source:

    Eur J Cancer Prev. 2007 Oct;16(5):415-21. PMID:

    17923812
    Abstract Author(s):

    R James Barnard, Pak Shan Leung, William J Aronson, Pinchas Cohen, Lawrence A Golding

    Abstract:

    Epidemiological studies report that regular physical activity can reduce the risk for prostate cancer. This study was conducted to investigate possible mechanisms to explain the epidemiological data. Serum from sedentary controls or men with regular (5 days/week) aerobic exercise was used to stimulate lymph node cancer of the prostate (LNCaP) tumor cells in vitro. Growth and apoptosis were assessed and cell lysate p53, p21 and Bcl-2 proteins measured. Tryphostin was used to block the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor. Exercise serum-stimulated growth was reduced at 2 and 4 days while apoptosis was increased. Tryphostin reduced growth in the control but not in the exercise serum-stimulated samples. Total cell lysate p53 protein was higher in the exercise serum-stimulated cells at both 2 and 4 days. The levels of p21 protein, a downstream effector of p53, were elevated at 2 days but were normal at 4 days. Bcl-2, an antiapoptotic protein, was significantly reduced at 2 days in the exercise serum-stimulated lysates. These results indicate that exercise training alters serum insulin-like growth factor axis factors in vivo that increase LNCaP cellular p53 protein content in vitro leading to reduced growth via p21 and induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway.

  • A pilot study to investigate if New Zealand men with prostate cancer benefit from a Mediterranean-style diet📎

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    Abstract Title:

    A pilot study to investigate if New Zealand men with prostate cancer benefit from a Mediterranean-style diet.

    Abstract Source:

    PeerJ. 2015 ;3:e1080. Epub 2015 Jul 2. PMID: 26157638

    Abstract Author(s):

    Sharon Erdrich, Karen S Bishop, Nishi Karunasinghe, Dug Yeo Han, Lynnette R Ferguson

    Article Affiliation:

    Sharon Erdrich

    Abstract:

    Carcinoma of the prostate is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the third leading cause of mortality in New Zealand men, making it a significant health issue in this country. Global distribution patterns suggest that diet and lifestyle factors may be linked to the development and progression of this cancer. Twenty men with diagnosed prostate cancer adhered to a Mediterranean diet, with specific adaptations, for three months. Prostate-specific antigen, C-reactive protein and DNA damage were evaluated at baseline and after three months of following the diet. Dietary data were collated from diet diaries and an adaptation of a validated Mediterranean diet questionnaire. A significant reduction in DNA damage compared to baseline was apparent, with particular benefit noted for overall adherence to the diet (p = 0.013), increased intake of folate (p = 0.023), vitamin C (p = 0.007), legumes (p = 0.004) and green tea (p = 0.002). Higher intakes of red meat and dairy products were inversely associated with DNA damage (p = 0.003 and p = 0.008 respectively). The results from this small feasibility study suggest that a high-antioxidant diet, modelled on Mediterranean traditions, may be of benefit for men with prostate cancer. Protection against DNA damage appears to be associated with the diet implemented, ostensibly due to reduction in reactive oxidant species. These findings warrant further exploration in a longer trial, with a larger cohort.

  • A pilot trial of pembrolizumab plus prostatic cryotherapy for men with newly diagnosed oligometastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. 📎

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    Abstract Title:

    A pilot trial of pembrolizumab plus prostatic cryotherapy for men with newly diagnosed oligometastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer.

    Abstract Source:

    Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2019 Oct 14. Epub 2019 Oct 14. PMID: 31611635

    Abstract Author(s):

    Ashley E Ross, Paula J Hurley, Phuoc T Tran, Steven P Rowe, Benjamin Benzon, Tanya O' Neal, Carolyn Chapman, Rana Harb, Yelena Milman, Bruce J Trock, Charles G Drake, Emmanuel S Antonarakis

    Article Affiliation:

    Ashley E Ross

    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND:Monotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has generally been unsuccessful in men with advanced prostate cancer. Preclinical data support the notion that cryotherapy may improve immune-mediated and anti-tumor responses. The objective of this study was to assess the safety and feasibility of whole-prostate gland cryotherapy combined with pembrolizumab and androgen deprivation in men with oligometastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer.

    METHODS:This single-institution, pilot trial recruited 12 patients with newly diagnosed oligometastatic prostate cancer between 2015 and 2016. Patients underwent whole-prostate cryoablation combined with short-term androgen deprivation (eight months) and pembrolizumab (6 doses). The primary clinical endpoints were the number of patients with a PSA level of<0.6 ng/mL at one year and the frequency of adverse events. Other outcome measures included progression-free survival and systemic therapy-free survival. Exploratory analyses included PD-L1 protein expression.

    RESULTS:Forty two percent (5/12) of patients had a PSAs of<0.6 ng/mL at one year though only 2 of these patients had recovered their testosterone at this time point. Median progression-free survival was 14 months, and median systemic therapy-free survival was 17.5 months. PD-L1 expression was not detectable by IHC in patients with evaluable tissue. All adverse events were grade ≤2, and there were no apparent complications from cryotherapy.

    CONCLUSIONS:Whole-prostate cryoablation combined with short-term androgen deprivation and pembrolizumab treatment was well tolerated and no safety concerns were observed in men with oligometastatic prostate cancer. Though local disease appeared effectively treated in the majority of men, the regimen only infrequency led to sustained disease control following testosterone recovery.

  • Adherence to Mediterranean diet and prostate cancer risk in Sicily: population-based case-control study.

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    Abstract Title:

    Adherence to Mediterranean diet and prostate cancer risk in Sicily: population-based case-control study.

    Abstract Source:

    Int J Impot Res. 2018 Oct 18. Epub 2018 Oct 18. PMID: 30337696

    Abstract Author(s):

    Giorgio Ivan Russo, Tatiana Solinas, Daniele Urzì, Salvatore Privitera, Daniele Campisi, Andrea Cocci, Marco Carini, Massimo Madonia, Sebastiano Cimino, Giuseppe Morgia

    Article Affiliation:

    Giorgio Ivan Russo

    Abstract:

    Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and the sixth leading cause of death from cancer worldwide. Countries following a Mediterranean-type dietary pattern, has been reported to have lower PCa incidence and mortality compared with other European regions. A population-based case-control study has been conducted from January 2015 to December 2016 in a single institution of the municipality of Catania, southern Italy. A total of 118 PCa and 238 population-based controls were collected. Controls had significantly higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet, which was evident for several subgroups (including age groups, overweight and obese men, current smokers, alcohol intake, low and medium physical activity levels). PCa cases were found to consume lower amount of vegetables (223 g/d vs. 261 g/d; p = 0.001), legumes (34.26 g/d vs. 53.55 g/d; p = 0.003), and fish (47.75 g/d vs. 58.3 g/d) than controls; other differences emerged were related to alcohol intake (12.37 g/d vs 5.07 g/d; p < 0.01), cereals (254.06 g/d vs.235.94 g/d; p < 0.001), dairy (196 g/d vs. 166 g/d; p < 0.001), and meat consumption (98.09 g/d vs. 70.15 g/d; p < 0.001). However, no statistically significant differences between cases and controls were found regarding fruit, legumes, and olive oil consumption. The Mediterranean diet score was inversely associated with lower likelihood of having PCa in a linear manner (odds ratio [OR]: 0.86 [95% CI 0.77-0.96]). Specifically, individuals in the highest group of adherence had 78% less likelihood of have PCa and 14% less likelihood for each point increase of the score. The model adjusted for total polyphenol intake showed still a significant inverse association between adherence to the Mediterranean dietand PCa, but the relation was no more linear and not significant for one-point increase of the score (OR: 0.88 [95% CI 0.77-1.01]). In our cohorts of Italian men, we observed that high adherence to the Mediterranean diet was inversely associated with likelihood of having PCa cancer.

  • Aerobic Training and Green Tea Extract Protect against NMU-induced Prostate Cancer.

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    Abstract Title:

    Aerobic Training and Green Tea Extract Protect against NMU-induced Prostate Cancer.

    Abstract Source:

    Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019 May 29. Epub 2019 May 29. PMID: 31157709

    Abstract Author(s):

    Saber Saedmocheshi, Marziyeh Saghebjoo, Zakaria Vahabzadeh, Dariush Sheikholeslami-Vatani

    Article Affiliation:

    Saber Saedmocheshi

    Abstract:

    INTRODUCTION:Aerobic training and green tea extract can be used to reduce the risk of prostate cancer. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of eight-week aerobic exercise training and administration of green tea extract on the level of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and p53 tumor suppressor protein (p53) in prostate of rats which were stimulated by N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU) to induce the prostate cancer.

    METHODS:60 adult male Wistar rats were assigned into six groups including healthy control (HCt), cancer control (CCt), cancer training (CTr: 45 min/day at low-moderate intensity, 5 times/week, 8 weeks), cancer extract (CEx: 1.34 ml of green tea extract, 3 times/week, 8 weeks), cancer training+ cancer extract (CTr+CEx) and sham groups. Rats were sacrificed 48 hours after the last intervention session, and the prostate tissue was isolated to measure the levels of NF-kB, COX-2, and p53.

    RESULTS:The NF- kB level in CCt group was increased significantly compared to the HCt (P=0.02). In the CTr group, NF-kB level was decreased significantly compared to the CCt and CEx groups (P=0.001 and 0.05, respectively). In addition, the levels of P53 protein were reduced in CTr, CEx and CTr+CEx groups compared to CCt group (P=0.001, 0.02 and 0.004, respectively). No significant changes were found in the level of COX-2 between groups.

    CONCLUSIONS:These results suggest that a long-term exercise training combined with the intake of green tea extract may reduce levels of NF-kB and p53 in rats with prostate cancer. Given the importance of recognizing complementary therapies in this regard, future studies are warranted.

  • Anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of extracts and compounds from the mushroom Inonotus obliquus.

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    Abstract Title:

    Anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of extracts and compounds from the mushroom Inonotus obliquus.

    Abstract Source:

    Food Chem. 2013 Aug 15 ;139(1-4):503-8. Epub 2013 Feb 1. PMID: 23561137

    Abstract Author(s):

    Lishuai Ma, Haixia Chen, Peng Dong, Xueming Lu

    Article Affiliation:

    Lishuai Ma

    Abstract:

    Mushroom Inonotus obliquus (I. obliquus) has been used as functional food and traditional Chinese herbs for long time. An efficient method for bioassay-guided preparative isolation was used for identifying the anti-inflammatory and anticancer constituents in I. obliquus. The petroleum ether and ethyl acetate fractions were found to have significant inhibition effects on NO production and NF-κB luciferase activity in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and cytotoxicity against human prostatic carcinoma cell PC3 and breast carcinoma cell MDA-MB-231. Six main constituents were isolated from these two fractions and they were identified as lanosterol (1), 3β-hydroxy-8,24-dien-21-al (2), ergosterol(3), inotodiol (4), ergosterol peroxide (5) and trametenolic acid (6). Compound ergosterol, ergosterol peroxide and trametenolic acid showed anti-inflammatory activities and ergosterol peroxide and trametenolic acid showed obviously cytotoxicity on human prostatic carcinoma cell PC3 and breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cell. The results obtained in this work might contribute to understanding the biological activity of mushroom I. obliquus for food and drug application.

  • Anticancer effect of triterpenes fromin human prostate cancer cells📎

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    Abstract Title:

    Anticancer effect of triterpenes fromin human prostate cancer cells.

    Abstract Source:

    Oncol Lett. 2017 Dec ;14(6):7467-7472. Epub 2017 Oct 9. PMID: 29344190

    Abstract Author(s):

    Lijun Qu, Sumei Li, Yumin Zhuo, Jianfan Chen, Xiaoping Qin, Guoqing Guo

    Article Affiliation:

    Lijun Qu

    Abstract:

    , within the Polyporaceae family of Basidiomycota, is a popular traditional remedy medicine used in Asia to promote health and longevity. Compounds extracted fromhave revealed anticancer, antioxidant and liver protective effects.has been associated with prostate cancer cells.extracts contain numerous bioactive components; however, the exact functional monomer is unknown and the role of triterpenes from(GLT) in prostate cancer remain obscure. The present study investigated the effects of GLT on cell viability, migration, invasion and apoptosis in DU-145 human prostate cancer cells. The results demonstrated that a high dose (2 mg/ml) of GLT inhibits cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner by the regulation of matrix metalloproteases. Furthermore, GLT induced apoptosis of DU-145 cells. In general, GLT exerts its effect on cancer cells via numerous mechanisms and may have potential therapeutic use for the prevention and treatment of cancer.

  • Are strict vegetarians protected against prostate cancer? ?

    Abstract Title:

    Are strict vegetarians protected against prostate cancer?

    Abstract Source:

    Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 Nov 11. Epub 2015 Nov 11. PMID: 26561618

    Abstract Author(s):

    Yessenia Tantamango-Bartley, Synnove F Knutsen, Raymond Knutsen, Bjarne K Jacobsen, Jing Fan, W Lawrence Beeson, Joan Sabate, David Hadley, Karen Jaceldo-Siegl, Jason Penniecook, Patti Herring, Terry Butler, Hanni Bennett, Gary Fraser

    Article Affiliation:

    Yessenia Tantamango-Bartley

    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND:According to the American Cancer Society, prostate cancer accounts for∼27% of all incident cancer cases among men and is the second most common (noncutaneous) cancer among men. The relation between diet and prostate cancer is still unclear. Because people do not consume individual foods but rather foods in combination, the assessment of dietary patterns may offer valuable information when determining associations between diet and prostate cancer risk.

    OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to examine the association between dietary patterns (nonvegetarian, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian, vegan, and semi-vegetarian) and prostate cancer incidence among 26,346 male participants of the Adventist Health Study-2.

    DESIGN:In this prospective cohort study, cancer cases were identified by matching to cancer registries. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to estimate HRs by using age as the time variable.

    RESULTS:In total, 1079 incident prostate cancer cases were identified. Around 8% of the study population reported adherence to the vegan diet. Vegan diets showed a statistically significant protective association with prostate cancer risk (HR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.49, 0.85). After stratifying by race, the statistically significant association with a vegan diet remained only for the whites (HR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.86), but the multivariate HR for black vegans showed a similar but nonsignificant point estimate (HR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.41, 1.18).

    CONCLUSION:Vegan diets may confer a lower risk of prostate cancer. This lower estimated risk is seen in both white and black vegan subjects, although in the latter, the CI is wider and includes the null.

  • Ascorbate exerts anti-proliferative effects through cell cycle inhibition and sensitizes tumor cells towards cytostatic drugs. 📎

    Abstract Title:

    Ascorbate exerts anti-proliferative effects through cell cycle inhibition and sensitizes tumor cells towards cytostatic drugs.

    Abstract Source:

    Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2011 May ;67(5):1157-66. Epub 2010 Aug 8. PMID: 20694726

    Abstract Author(s):

    Anja Frömberg, Daniela Gutsch, Daniel Schulze, Claudia Vollbracht, Gabriele Weiss, Frank Czubayko, Achim Aigner

    Article Affiliation:

    Anja Frömberg

    Abstract:

    PURPOSE:While the benefits of ascorbic acid (vitamin C, ascorbate) as an essential nutrient are well established, its effects on tumor cells and in tumor treatment are controversial. In particular, conflicting data exist whether ascorbate may increase the cytotoxic effects of antineoplastic drugs or may rather exert adverse effects on drug sensitivity during cancer treatment. Findings are further obscured regarding the distinction between ascorbate and dehydroascorbate (DHA). Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate and directly compare the cytotoxic efficacy of ascorbate compared to DHA, and to analyse if ascorbate at pharmacological concentrations affects the efficacy of antineoplastic agents in prostate carcinoma cells.

    METHODS:We directly compare the effects of ascorbate (supplied as 'Pascorbin solution for injection') and DHA on tumor cell viability, and determine IC(50) values for various cell lines. At concentrations well below the IC(50), ascorbate effects on cell proliferation and cell cycle are analysed. We furthermore determine changes in cellular sensitivity towards various cytostatic drugs upon pre-treatment of cells with ascorbate.

    RESULTS:We demonstrate higher therapeutic efficacy of ascorbate over DHA in various cell lines, independent of cell line-specific differences in ascorbate sensitivity, and identify the extracellular generation of H(2)O(2) as critical mechanism of ascorbate action. We furthermore show that, in addition to pro-apoptotic effects described previously, ascorbate treatment already at concentrations well below the IC(50) exerts anti-proliferative effects on tumor cells. Those are based on interference with the cell cycle, namely by inducing a G(0)/G(1) arrest. Pre-treatment of tumor cells with ascorbate leads to increased cellular sensitivity towards Docetaxel, Epirubicin, Irinotecan and 5-FU, but not towards Oxaliplatin and Vinorelbin. For Docetaxel and 5-FU, a linear correlation between this sensitizing effect and the ascorbate dosage is observed.

    CONCLUSIONS:The redox-active form of vitamin C, ascorbate, shows therapeutic efficacy in tumor cells. These antitumor effects of ascorbate are mainly based on its extracellular action and, in addition to the induction of apoptosis, also include an anti-proliferative effect by inducing cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, ascorbate treatment specifically enhances the cytostatic potency of certain chemotherapeutics, which implicates therapeutic benefit during tumor treatment.

  • Association between Dietary Vitamin C Intake and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-analysis Involving 103,658 Subjects. 📎

    Abstract Title:

    Association between Dietary Vitamin C Intake and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-analysis Involving 103,658 Subjects.

    Abstract Source:

    J Cancer. 2015 ;6(9):913-21. Epub 2015 Jul 28. PMID: 26284143

    Abstract Author(s):

    Xiao-Yan Bai, Xinjian Qu, Xiao Jiang, Zhaowei Xu, Yangyang Yang, Qiming Su, Miao Wang, Huijian Wu

    Article Affiliation:

    Xiao-Yan Bai

    Abstract:

    We attempted to systematically determine the association between dietary intake of vitamin C and risk of prostate cancer. PubMed and Embase were searched to obtain eligible studies published before February 2015. Cohort or case-control studies that reported the relative risk (RR)/odds ratio (OR) estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between vitamin C intake and prostate cancer risk were included. Eighteen studies regarding dietary vitamin C intake were finally obtained, with a total of 103,658 subjects. The pooled RR of prostate cancer for the highest versus the lowest categories of dietary vitamin C intake was 0.89 (95%CI: 0.83-0.94; p = 0.000) with evidence of a moderate heterogeneity (I(2) = 39.4%, p = 0.045). Meta-regression analysis suggested that study design accounted for a major proportion of the heterogeneity. Stratifying the overall study according to study design yielded pooled RRs of 0.92 (95%CI: 0.86-0.99, p = 0.027) among cohort studies and 0.80 (95%CI: 0.71-0.89, p = 0.000) among case-control studies, with no heterogeneity in either subgroup. In the dose-response analysis, an inverse linear relationship between dietary vitamin C intake and prostate cancer risk was established, with a 150 mg/day dietary vitamin C intake conferred RRs of 0.91 (95%CI: 0.84-0.98, p = 0.018) in the overall studies, 0.95 (95%CI: 0.90-0.99, p = 0.039) in cohort studies, and 0.79 (95%CI: 0.69-0.91, p = 0.001) in case-control studies. In conclusion, intake of vitamin C from food was inversely associated with prostate cancer risk in this meta-analysis.

  • Can homeopathic treatment slow prostate cancer growth? 📎

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    Abstract Title:

    Can homeopathic treatment slow prostate cancer growth?

    Abstract Source:

    Integr Cancer Ther. 2006 Dec;5(4):343-9. PMID: 17101763

    Abstract Author(s):

    Wayne B Jonas, Jaya P Gaddipati, N V Rajeshkumar, Anuj Sharma, Rajesh L Thangapazham, Jim Warren, Anoop K Singh, John A Ives, Cara Olsen, Steven R Mog, Radha K Maheshwari

    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND: Homeopathy is a complementary medicine widely used around the world. Despite extensive use of homeopathy for cancer and other serious conditions with reported success, clinical and laboratory research has been equivocal, and no rigorous research has been done on cancer. In 1999, the US National Cancer Institute evaluated the effects of homeopathic treatment of cancer from a clinic in India and has released a request for protocols to conduct further research into this treatment. Therefore, the authors conducted a series of carefully controlled laboratory studies evaluating the effects of commonly used homeopathic remedies in cell and animal models of prostate cancer. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred male Copenhagen rats were randomly assigned to either treatment or control groups after inoculation with prostate tumor cells. METHODS: Prostate tumor cells DU-145, LNCaP, and MAT-LyLu were exposed to 5 homeopathic remedies. Male Copenhagen rats were injected with MAT-LyLu cells and exposed to the same homeopathic remedies for 5 weeks. In vitro outcomes included tumor cell viability and apoptosis gene expression. In vivo outcomes included tumor incidence, volume, weight, total mortality, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression, apoptotic cell death (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated d-uridine triphosphate nick end labeling), and gene expression (rAPO-multiprobe). RESULTS: There were no effects on cell viability or gene expression in 3 prostate cell lines with any remedies at any exposure time. There was a 23% reduction in tumor incidence (P<.0001), and for animals with tumors, there was a 38% reduction in tumor volume in homeopathy-treated animals versus controls (P<.02). At time of killing, experimental animals with tumors had a 13% lower average tumor weight (P<.05). Tumors in these treated animals showed a 19% increase in apoptotic cell death (P<.05) and reduced PCNA-positive cells. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that selected homeopathic remedies for the present study have no direct cellular anticancer effects but appear to significantly slow the progression of cancer and reduce cancer incidence and mortality in Copenhagen rats injected with MAT-LyLu prostate cancer cells.

  • Carbohydrate restriction and lactate transporter inhibition in a mouse xenograft model of human prostate cancer📎

    Abstract Title:

    Carbohydrate restriction and lactate transporter inhibition in a mouse xenograft model of human prostate cancer.

    Abstract Source:

    BJU Int. 2012 Mar 6. Epub 2012 Mar 6. PMID: 22394625

    Abstract Author(s):

    Howard S Kim, Elizabeth M Masko, Susan L Poulton, Kelly M Kennedy, Salvatore V Pizzo, Mark W Dewhirst, Stephen J Freedland

    Article Affiliation:

    Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery and the Duke Prostate Center Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Department of Radiation Oncology and the Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.

    Abstract:

    What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? It is known that both lactate inhibition and carbohydrate restriction inhibit tumour growth. What is unknown is whether the two work synergistically together. This study adds that though the combination of lactate inhibition and carbohydrate restriction did not synergistically slow tumour growth in our model, we confirmed that carbohydrate restriction started after tumour inoculation slowed tumour growth. Moreover, lactate inhibition resulted in changes in the tumour microenvironment that may have implications for future metabolic targeting of prostate cancer growth. OBJECTIVE:•  To determine if a no-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (NCKD) and lactate transporter inhibition can exert a synergistic effect on delaying prostate tumour growth in a xenograft mouse model of human prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: •  120 nude athymic male mice (aged 6-8 weeks) were injected s.c. in the flank with 1.0 × 10(5) LAPC-4 prostate cancer cells. •  Mice were randomized to one of four treatment groups: Western diet (WD, 35% fat, 16% protein, 49% carbohydrate) and vehicle (Veh) treatment; WD and mono-carboxylate transporter-1 (MCT1) inhibition via α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (CHC) delivered through a mini osmotic pump; NCKD (84% fat, 16% protein, 0% carbohydrate) plus Veh; or NCKD and MCT1 inhibition. •  Mice were fed and weighed three times per week and feed was adjusted to maintain similar body weights. •  Tumour size was measured twice weekly and the combined effect of treatment was tested via Kruskal-Wallis analysis of all four groups. Independent effects of treatment (NCKD vs WD and CHC vs Veh) on tumour volume were tested using linear regression analysis. •  All mice were killed on Day 53 (conclusion of pump ejection), and serum and tumoursections were analysed for various markers. Again, combined and independent effects of treatment were tested using Kruskal-Wallis and linear regression analysis, respectively. RESULTS: •  There were no significant differences in tumour volumes among the four groups (P= 0.09). •  When testing the independent effects of treatment, NCKD was significantly associated with lower tumour volumes at the end of the experiment (P= 0.026), while CHC administration was not (P= 0.981). However, CHC was associated with increased necrotic fraction (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS:•  Differences in tumour volumes were observed only in comparisons between mice fed a NCKD and mice fed a WD. •  MCT1 inhibition did not have a significant effect on tumour volume, although it was associated with increased necrotic fraction.

  • Cytotoxic effect of oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus on human androgen-independent prostate cancer PC-3 cells.

    Abstract Title:

    Cytotoxic effect of oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus on human androgen-independent prostate cancer PC-3 cells.

    Abstract Source:

    J Med Food. 2006;9(2):196-204. PMID: 16822205

    Abstract Author(s):

    [No authors listed]

    Abstract:

    Twenty species of edible mushrooms and three purified mushroom polysaccharides were screened for their antitumor potential on human androgen-independent cancer PC-3 cells. A water-soluble extract (POE) prepared from the fresh oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus produced the most significant cytotoxicity on PC-3 cells among the mushroom species tested. At the same time, POE induced a rapid apoptosis on PC-3 cells detected with annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate flow cytometry when the cells were exposed to POE (150 microg/mL) for 2 hours. Induced apoptosis was also confirmed by DNA fragment terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated X-dUTP nick end labeling staining while POE (200 microg/mL) was added to PC-3 cells for 6 hours. Both cytotoxicity and induced apoptosis mediated by POE in PC-3 cells are dose-dependent. Interestingly, PC-3 cells appeared to be more sensitive to POE in anchorage-independent growth condition. Tumor colony-forming efficiency was dramatically reduced to 4.5% or 0.5% in POE (60 or 120 microg/mL)-supplemented soft agar medium compared with that of POE-free medium (defined as 100%). Temperature in POE processing plays a decisive role for the cytotoxic activity. Bioactivity of POE was eliminated by exposure to high temperature (80 degrees C) for 2 hours; however, it remained stable at a series temperatures of below 40 degrees C. The active fraction POE-F2 was analyzed and identified by size exclusion of high performance liquid chromatography and the CellTiter 96 AQueous Cell Proliferation Assay (Promega, Madison, WI). Since POE-F2 is also sensitive to heat and has strong 280 nm absorption, the results imply that active compounds recovered from P. ostreatus are water-soluble proteins or polypeptides.

  • Daytime Blue Light Enhances the Nighttime Circadian Melatonin Inhibition of Human Prostate Cancer Growth. 📎

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    Abstract Title:

    Daytime Blue Light Enhances the Nighttime Circadian Melatonin Inhibition of Human Prostate Cancer Growth.

    Abstract Source:

    Comp Med. 2015 ;65(6):473-85. PMID: 26678364

    Abstract Author(s):

    Robert T Dauchy, Aaron E Hoffman, Melissa A Wren-Dail, John P Hanifin, Benjamin Warfield, George C Brainard, Shulin Xiang, Lin Yuan, Steven M Hill, Victoria P Belancio, Erin M Dauchy, Kara Smith, David E Blask

    Article Affiliation:

    Robert T Dauchy

    Abstract:

    Light controls pineal melatonin production and temporally coordinates circadian rhythms of metabolism and physiology in normal and neoplastic tissues. We previously showed that peak circulating nocturnal melatonin levels were 7-fold higher after daytime spectral transmittance of white light through blue-tinted (compared with clear) rodent cages. Here, we tested the hypothesis that daytime blue-light amplification of nocturnal melatonin enhances the inhibition of metabolism, signaling activity, and growth of prostate cancer xenografts. Compared with male nude rats housed in clear cages under a 12:12-h light:dark cycle, rats in blue-tinted cages (with increased transmittance of 462-484 nm and decreased red light greater than 640 nm) evinced over 6-fold higher peak plasma melatonin levels at middark phase (time, 2400), whereas midlight-phase levels (1200) were low (less than 3 pg/mL) in both groups. Circadian rhythms of arterial plasma levels of linoleic acid, glucose, lactic acid, pO2, pCO2, insulin, leptin, and corticosterone were disrupted in rats in blue cages as compared with the corresponding entrained rhythms in clear-caged rats. After implantation with tissue-isolated PC3 human prostate cancer xenografts, tumor latency-to-onset of growth and growth rates were markedly delayed, and tumor cAMP levels, uptake-metabolism of linoleic acid, aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect), and growth signaling activities were reduced in rats in blue compared with clear cages. These data show that the amplification of nighttime melatonin levels by exposing nude rats to blue light during the daytime significantly reduces human prostate cancer metabolic, signaling, and proliferative activities.

  • Dietary patterns based on the Mediterranean diet and DASH diet are inversely associated with high aggressive prostate cancer in PCaP.

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    Abstract Title:

    Dietary patterns based on the Mediterranean diet and DASH diet are inversely associated with high aggressive prostate cancer in PCaP.

    Abstract Source:

    Ann Epidemiol. 2018 Sep 5. Epub 2018 Sep 5. PMID: 30268488

    Abstract Author(s):

    Lara Schneider, L Joseph Su, Lenore Arab, Jeannette T Bensen, Laura Farnan, Elizabeth T H Fontham, Lixin Song, James Hussey, Anwar T Merchant, James L Mohler, Susan E Steck

    Article Affiliation:

    Lara Schneider

    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND:Several foods and nutrients have been linked to the development of prostate cancer, but the association between healthy dietary patterns and prostate cancer aggressiveness is less studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the Mediterranean diet (MED) and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet scores and prostate cancer aggressiveness by race.

    METHODS:Data from the population-based, case-only North Carolina-Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project (PCaP) were used to examine the association between diet quality, measured by MED and DASH scores, and prostate cancer aggressiveness in 1899 African American (AA) and European American (EA) research subjects. Dietary intake was assessed using a modified National Cancer Institute Diet History Questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for high versus low-intermediate aggressive prostate cancer.

    RESULTS:Higher MED scores were inversely associated with high aggressive prostate cancer overall (OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.95 for high versus low scores); results were similar for AA and EA men. A weaker inverse association between DASH scores and prostate cancer aggressiveness was found (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.55, 1.06).

    CONCLUSIONS:Higher diet quality, as represented by a Mediterranean-style diet or DASH diet, may reduce the odds of high aggressive prostate cancer.

  • Dramatic prostate-specific antigen response with activated hemicellulose compound in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

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    Abstract Title:

    Dramatic prostate-specific antigen response with activated hemicellulose compound in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

    Abstract Source:

    Anticancer Drugs. 2009 Mar;20(3):215-6. PMID: 19104437

    Abstract Author(s):

    Jeffrey Turner, Uzair Chaudhary

    Abstract:

    Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is an incurable disease with limited treatment options. Herbal supplements are unconventional treatments for a variety of diseases. Active hemicellulose compound (AHCC) is a Japanese supplement discovered by hybridizing several mushrooms used in traditional healing for the purpose of maintaining 'super immunity'. We report on a 66-year-old gentleman with CRPC with an excellent serologic response to AHCC. This case hypothesizes that AHCC may have potential activity against CRPC.

  • Eating tomatoes reduces your prostate cancer risk

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    Eating tomatoes reduces your prostate cancer risk image

    Prostate cancer is now the most prevalent, certainly in the West—but men can reduce their risk by eating tomatoes.

  • Effect of acute exercise on prostate cancer cell growth. 📎

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    Abstract Title:

    Effect of acute exercise on prostate cancer cell growth.

    Abstract Source:

    PLoS One. 2013 ;8(7):e67579. Epub 2013 Jul 5. PMID: 23861774

    Abstract Author(s):

    Helene Rundqvist, Martin Augsten, Anna Strömberg, Eric Rullman, Sara Mijwel, Pedram Kharaziha, Theocharis Panaretakis, Thomas Gustafsson, Arne Östman

    Article Affiliation:

    Helene Rundqvist

    Abstract:

    Physical activity is associated with reduced risk of several cancers, including aggressive prostate cancer. The mechanisms mediating the effects are not yet understood; among the candidates are modifications of endogenous hormone levels. Long-term exercise is known to reduce serum levels of growth stimulating hormones. In contrast, the endocrine effects of acute endurance exercise include increased levels of mitogenic factors such as GH and IGF-1. It can be speculated that the elevation of serum growth factors may be detrimental to prostate cancer progression into malignancy. The incentive of the current study is to evaluate the effect of acute exercise serum on prostate cancer cell growth. We designed an exercise intervention where 10 male individuals performed 60 minutes of bicycle exercise at increasing intensity. Serum samples were obtained before (rest serum) and after completed exercise (exercise serum). The established prostate cancer cell line LNCaP was exposed to exercise or rest serum. Exercise serum from 9 out of 10 individuals had a growth inhibitory effect on LNCaP cells. Incubation with pooled exercise serum resulted in a 31% inhibition of LNCaP growth and pre-incubation before subcutaneous injection into SCID mice caused a delay in tumor formation. Serum analyses indicated two possible candidates for the effect; increased levels of IGFBP-1 and reduced levels of EGF. In conclusion, despite the fear of possible detrimental effects of acute exercise serum on tumor cell growth, we show that even the short-term effects seem to add to the overall beneficial influence of exercise on neoplasia.

  • Effect of vitamin C on prostate cancer cells in vitro: effect on cell number, viability, and DNA synthesis.

    Abstract Title:

    Effect of vitamin C on prostate cancer cells in vitro: effect on cell number, viability, and DNA synthesis.

    Abstract Source:

    Prostate. 1997 Aug 1;32(3):188-95. PMID: 9254898

    Abstract Author(s):

    C Maramag, M Menon, K C Balaji, P G Reddy, S Laxmanan

    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND: Many studies describe the protective role of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) against cancer development and in treatment of established cancer. The present study investigated whether ascorbic acid demonstrates a therapeutic benefit for prostate cancer. METHODS: Androgen-independent (DU145) and androgen-dependent (LNCaP) human prostate cancer cell lines were both treated in vitro with vitamin C (0-10 mM). Cell counts, cell viability, and thymidine incorporation into DNA were determined. RESULTS: Treatment of DU145 and LNCaP cells with vitamin C resulted in a dose- and time-dependent decrease in cell viability and thymidine incorporation into DNA. Vitamin C induced these changes through the production of hydrogen peroxide; addition of catalase (100-300 units/ml), an enzyme that degrades hydrogen peroxide, inhibited the effects of ascorbic acid. Superoxide dismutase, an enzyme that dismutates superoxide and generates hydrogen peroxide, did not prevent decreases in cell number and DNA synthesis, suggesting further the involvement of hydrogen peroxide in vitamin C-induced changes. These results clearly indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in vitamin C-induced cell damage. However, that singlet oxygen scavengers such as sodium azide and hydroquinone and hydroxyl radical scavengers such as D-mannitol and DL-alpha-tocopherol did not counteract the effects of ascorbic acid on thymidine incorporation suggests that vitamin C-induced changes do not occur through the generation of these ROS. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin C inhibits cell division and growth through production of hydrogen peroxide, which damages the cells probably through an as yet unidentified free radical(s) generation/mechanism. Our results also suggest that ascorbic acid is a potent anticancer agent for prostate cancer cells.

     

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