Abstract Title: Effects of Royal Jelly Administration on Endurance Training-Induced Mitochondrial Adaptations in Skeletal Muscle. Abstract Source: Nutrients. 2018 Nov 12 ;10(11). Epub 2018 Nov 12. PMID: 30424505 Abstract Author(s): Yumiko Takahashi, Kamiyu Hijikata, Kohei Seike, Suguru Nakano, Mai Banjo, Yosuke Sato, Kenya Takahashi, Hideo Hatta Article Affiliation: Yumiko Takahashi Abstract: We investigated the effect of royal jelly (RJ), a natural secretion from worker bees, on the endurance training-induced mitochondrial adaptations in skeletal muscles of ICR mice. Mice received either RJ (1.0 mg/g body weight) or distilled water for three weeks. The mice in the training group were subjected to endurance training (20 m/min; 60 min; 5 times/week). There was a main effect of endurance training on the maximal activities of the mitochondrial enzymes, citrate synthase (CS), andβ-hydroxyacyl coenzyme Adehydrogenase (β-HAD), in theand() muscles, while no effect of RJ treatment was observed. In themuscle, CS andβ-HAD maximal activities were significantly increased by endurance training in the RJ-treated group, while there was no effect of training in the control group. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of acute RJ treatment on the signaling cascade involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. In the, phosphorylation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) were additively increased by a single RJ treatment and endurance exercise, while only an exercise effect was found in theandmuscles. These results indicate that the RJ treatment induced mitochondrial adaptation with endurance training by AMPK activation in the soleus muscles of ICR mice. Article Published Date : Nov 11, 2018

Abstract Title: Comparative effects of vitamin D and vitamin C supplementations with and without endurance physical activity on metabolic syndrome patients: a randomized controlled trial. Abstract Source: Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2018 ;10:80. Epub 2018 Nov 8. PMID: 30455745 Abstract Author(s): Halgord Ali M Farag, Mohammad Javad Hosseinzadeh-Attar, Belal A Muhammad, Ahmad Esmaillzadeh, Abdel Hamid El Bilbeisi Article Affiliation: Halgord Ali M Farag Abstract: Objective: Vitamin D and C levels have inverse relation with the metabolic syndrome components and they are used as antioxidant supplements during enduring metabolic activities. In the present study, we hypothesized that the intake of vitamin D and/or C with endurance physical activity might reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. Methods: A randomized control study recruited 180 participants of both genders, aged between 30 and 50 years. The participants were assigned into six groups receiving different doses of vitamin D or vitamin C with or without physical activities. Data were collected over a period of 3 months, and the results were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: Variations in the effect of the supplements on various body variables including: Fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and blood pressure, showed that vitamin D has more influence compared to vitamin C. However, vitamin D and C supplements do not have any effect on weight when consumers are undergoing endurance physical exercise. But vitamin C consumer group has more effect in waist circumference, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein, as compared to vitamin D consumer group. Conclusion: We conclude that, consumption of vitamin D or vitamin C supplements may improves the life of metabolic syndrome patients. However, the combination of physical activities and vitamin supplements maximize the effect, and this combination should be recommended.WHO-ICTRP IRCT20161110030823N2. Registered 01 February 2018. https://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20161110030823N2. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2017

Abstract Title: Similarities and differences among half-marathon runners according to their performance level. Abstract Source: PLoS One. 2018 ;13(1):e0191688. Epub 2018 Jan 24. PMID: 29364940 Abstract Author(s): Ana Ogueta-Alday, Juan Carlos Morante, Josué Gómez-Molina, Juan García-López Article Affiliation: Ana Ogueta-Alday Abstract: This study aimed to identify the similarities and differences among half-marathon runners in relation to their performance level. Forty-eight male runners were classified into 4 groups according to their performance level in a half-marathon (min): Group 1 (n = 11,<70 min), Group 2 (n = 13,<80 min), Group 3 (n = 13,<90 min), Group 4 (n = 11,<105 min). In two separate sessions, training-related, anthropometric, physiological, foot strike pattern and spatio-temporal variables were recorded. Significant differences (p<0.05) between groups (ES = 0.55-3.16) and correlations with performance were obtained (r = 0.34-0.92) in training-related (experience and running distance per week), anthropometric (mass, body mass index and sum of 6 skinfolds), physiological (VO2max, RCT and running economy), foot strike pattern and spatio-temporal variables (contact time, step rate and length). At standardized submaximal speeds (11, 13 and 15 km·h-1), no significant differences between groups were observed in step rate and length, neither in contact time when foot strike pattern was taken into account. In conclusion, apart from training-related, anthropometric and physiological variables, foot strike pattern and step length were the onlybiomechanical variables sensitive to half-marathon performance, which are essential to achieve high running speeds. However, when foot strike pattern and running speeds were controlled (submaximal test), the spatio-temporal variables were similar. This indicates that foot strike pattern and runningspeed are responsible for spatio-temporal differences among runners of different performance level. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2017

Abstract Title: An Acute Dose of Specific Grape and Apple Polyphenols Improves Endurance Performance: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind versus Placebo Controlled Study. Abstract Source: Nutrients. 2017 Aug 22 ;9(8). Epub 2017 Aug 22. PMID: 28829368 Abstract Author(s): Gaëlle Deley, Damien Guillemet, François-André Allaert, Nicolas Babault Article Affiliation: Gaëlle Deley Abstract: Polyphenols are thought to be an interesting ergogenic aid for exercise and recovery. However, most studies regarding the effects of polyphenols investigated several days of supplementations. The present work aimed to study the effects of an acute intake of grape and apple polyphenols on the capacity to maintain intense exercise, here named endurance performance. Forty-eight physically active men (31± 6 years) were included in this study. During the two testing sessions, volunteers completed an endurance test at a high percentage of their maximal aerobic power and time to exhaustion was measured. Respiratory and pain parameters were also monitored. The preceding evening and 1 h before testing,volunteers had to absorb either 500 mg of polyphenols or placebo according to randomization. In comparison with the placebo, the mean duration of the maximal endurance test was significantly increased with polyphenols (+9.7% ± 6.0%, p<0.05). The maximal perceived exertion was reached later with polyphenols (+12.8%± 6.8%, p<0.05). Practically, the present study showed the beneficial effects of grape and apple polyphenols for athletes looking for endurance performance improvements. The specifically designed profile of polyphenols appeared to enhance the capacity to maintain intensive efforts and delay perceived exertion. Article Published Date : Aug 21, 2017

Abstract Title: Acute endurance exercise lowers serum fibroblast growth factor 21 levels in Japanese men. Abstract Source: Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2016 Jul 25. Epub 2016 Jul 25. PMID: 27453549 Abstract Author(s): Hirokazu Taniguchi, Kumpei Tanisawa, Xiaomin Sun, Mitsuru Higuchi Article Affiliation: Hirokazu Taniguchi Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The independent effects of acute endurance exercise on FGF21 metabolism are poorly understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether acute endurance exercise modulates serum postprandial FGF21 levels in an age-dependent manner. DESIGN: Exercise intervention trial. PATIENTS: Twenty-eight subjects participated in the experiment, of whom 13 were excluded mainly because of a serum FGF21 level below the limit of detection. Thus data from 7 young (age: 18-22 years) and 8 elderly male subjects (age: 62-69 years) were analysed. MEASUREMENTS: Participants were asked to perform a cycling exercise for 30 min at 70% maximal oxygen uptake, following carbohydrate intake. Blood samples were collected pre-exercise and 0 min, 30 min, 1 h, 3 h, and 24 h after the cessation of exercise. Serum FGF21 levels were measured by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Higher serum FGF21 was observed in the elderly subjects group throughout the experiment (p<0.05). There was no significant increase in serum FGF21 levels after the cessation of exercise, whereas serum FGF21 levels were significantly lower 24 h after the exercise compared with those pre-exercise, 0 min, 30 min, and 1 h after the cessation of exercise in both groups (p<0.01). The response did not differ between the two groups because of no significant group× time interaction. CONCLUSIONS: Acute endurance exercise lowers serum FGF21 levels 24 hours following exercise. The results suggest that acute endurance exercise modulates postprandial FGF21 metabolism regardless of age. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Article Published Date : Jul 24, 2016

Abstract Title: Neuroprotective Effects of Endurance Exercise against High Fat Diet-Induced Hippocampal Neuroinflammation. Abstract Source: J Neuroendocrinol. 2016 Mar 16. Epub 2016 Mar 16. PMID: 26991447 Abstract Author(s): Eun-Bum Kang, Jung-Hoon Koo, Yong-Chul Jang, Chun-Ho Yang, Youngil Lee, Ludmilar M Cosio-Lima, Joon-Yong Cho Article Affiliation: Eun-Bum Kang Abstract: Obesity contributes to systemic inflammation, associated with various pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Growing evidence has demonstrated that endurance exercise (EE) mitigate obesity-induced brain inflammation. However, exercise-mediated anti-inflammatory mechanisms remain largely unknown. We investigated how treadmill exercise (TE) reverses obesity-induced brain inflammation, mainly focusing on toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4)-dependent neuroinflammation in the obese rat brain following 20 weeks of high fat diet (HFD). TE in HFD-fed rats resulted in a significant lowering in HOMA-IR, AUC for glucose and abdominal visceral fat and improved working memory ability in a passive avoidance task relative to sedentary in HFD-fed rats with the exception of body weight. More importantly, TE revoked the increase in HFD-induced proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL-1β) and COX-2, which parallels with reduction in TLR-4 and its downstream proteins, MyD88 and TRAF6 and phosphorylation of TAK-1, IkBα and NF-κB. Moreover, TE reduced an indicator of microglia activation, IBA-1 as well as decreased GFAP, an indicator of gliosis formed by activated astrocytes in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), compared to HFD-fed sedentary rats. Finally, EE upregulated the expression of anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2 and suppressed the expression of pro-apoptotic protein, Bax in the hippocampus compared to HFD-fed sedentary rats. Taken together, these data suggest that TE may exert neuroprotective effects by mitigating the production of proinflammatory cytokines by inhibiting the TLR4 signaling pathways. This study suggest that the unique combination of TE's beneficial effects on the restoration of blood profile and anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects on cognitive function should inspire further investigation of its therapeutic potential for metabolic disorder and neurodegenerative diseases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Article Published Date : Mar 15, 2016

Abstract Title: Endurance Exercise Enhances the Effect of Strength Training on Muscle Fiber Size and Protein Expression of Akt and mTOR. Abstract Source: PLoS One. 2016 ;11(2):e0149082. Epub 2016 Feb 17. PMID: 26885978 Abstract Author(s): Zuzanna Kazior, Sarah J Willis, Marcus Moberg, William Apró, José A L Calbet, Hans-Christer Holmberg, Eva Blomstrand Article Affiliation: Zuzanna Kazior Abstract: Reports concerning the effect of endurance exercise on the anabolic response to strength training have been contradictory. This study re-investigated this issue, focusing on training effects on indicators of protein synthesis and degradation. Two groups of male subjects performed 7 weeks of resistance exercise alone (R; n = 7) or in combination with preceding endurance exercise, including both continuous and interval cycling (ER; n = 9). Muscle biopsies were taken before and after the training period. Similar increases in leg-press 1 repetition maximum (30%; P<0.05) were observed in both groups, whereas maximal oxygen uptake was elevated (8%; P<0.05) only in the ER group. The ER training enlarged the areas of both type I and type II fibers, whereas the R protocol increased only the type II fibers. The mean fiber area increased by 28% (P<0.05) in the ER group, whereas no significant increase was observed in the R group. Moreover, expression of Akt and mTOR protein was enhanced in the ER group, whereas only the level of mTOR was elevated following R training. Training-induced alterations in the levels of both Akt and mTOR protein were correlated to changes in type I fiber area (r = 0.55-0.61, P<0.05), as well as mean fiber area (r = 0.55-0.61, P<0.05), reflecting the important role played by these proteins in connection with muscle hypertrophy. Both training regimes reduced the level of MAFbx protein (P<0.05) and tended to elevate that of MuRF-1. The present findings indicate that the larger hypertrophy observed in the ER group is due more to pronounced stimulation of anabolic rather than inhibition of catabolic processes. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2015

Abstract Title: EFFECTS OF L-ASCORBIC ACID AND ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL ON BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF SWIMMING-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN SERUM OF GUINEA PIGS. Abstract Source: Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2016 ;13(4):29-33. Epub 2016 Jul 3. PMID: 28852717 Abstract Author(s): Marija Bursać-Mitrović, Dragan R Milovanović, Radoslav Mitić, Danijela Jovanović, Miroslav Sovrlić, Perica Vasiljević, Jovica Tomović, Nedeljko Manojlović Article Affiliation: Marija Bursać-Mitrović Abstract: BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of L-ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol as well as combination of these vitamins with or without exposure to physical exercise on intensity of lipid peroxidation, activity of xanthine oxidase, activity of total antioxidative system, concentration of glutathione, and activity of catalase in the serum of guinea pigs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The experimental measurements of intensity of lipid peroxidation, activity of xanthine oxidase, activity of total antioxidative system, concentration of glutathione, and activity of catalase were done in the serum of guinea pigs. The animals were exposed to the test load to achieve exhaustion and the test was terminated when the animal for the third time to sink into the water. RESULTS: The results of this study demonstrated that endurance exercise of guinea pigs induced oxidative stress response in terms of increased lipid peroxidation and activity of xanthine oxidase in the serum of experimental animals. Our study investigated the antioxidant activity of L-ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol also measuring three protective markers in the serum: total antioxidant activity, content of glutathione and activity of catalase. The results obtained show that the vitamins influence the concentrations of above mentioned biochemical parameters, which points out their protective effect of swimming-induced oxidative stress. CONCLUSION: Single or combined administration of L-ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol caused significant inhibition of these markers indicating the important antioxidant activity of the vitamins. Results lead to conclude that the combined treatments with vitamins with or without exposure to physical exercise showed the clear synergistic effect.. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2015

Abstract Title: The effects of postexercise consumption of a kefir beverage on performance and recovery during intensive endurance training. Abstract Source: J Dairy Sci. 2015 Nov ;98(11):7446-9. Epub 2015 Aug 20. PMID: 26298752 Abstract Author(s): K V O'Brien, L K Stewart, L A Forney, K J Aryana, W Prinyawiwatkul, C A Boeneke Article Affiliation: K V O'Brien Abstract: This study was designed to determine whether kefir accentuates the positive health benefits assessed by measures in fitness, body composition, or both, as a measure of cardiovascular disease risk as well as the biomarker C-reactive protein (CRP). Sixty-seven adult males and females aged 18 to 24 yr were assigned to 1 of 4 groups: (1) endurance training + control beverage, (2) endurance training +kefir beverage,(3) active control + control beverage, or (4) active control + kefir beverage. The exercise groups completed 15 wk of structured endurancetraining while the active control groups maintained their usual exercise routine. Additionally, each group was assigned to either a kefir or a calorie/macronutrient matched placebo beverage that was consumed twice per week. No significant interactions were found among groups with respect to outcome variables with the exception of serum CRP. The endurance training was effective in improving 1.5-mile (2.41 km) times and kefir supplementation may have been a factor in attenuating the increase in CRP that was observed over the course of the intervention period. This preliminary study suggests that kefir may be involved in improving the risk profile for cardiovascular disease as defined by CRP. Article Published Date : Oct 31, 2015

Abstract Title: Curcumin treatment enhances the effect of exercise on mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle by increasing cAMP levels. Abstract Source: Metabolism. 2015 Oct ;64(10):1334-47. Epub 2015 Jul 21. PMID: 26278015 Abstract Author(s): Ronald D Ray Hamidie, Tatsuya Yamada, Rie Ishizawa, Yoko Saito, Kazumi Masuda Article Affiliation: Ronald D Ray Hamidie Abstract: BACKGROUND: In response to physiologic stressors, skeletal muscle has the potential to elicit wide variety of adaptive responses, such as biogenesis of mitochondria and clearance of damaged mitochondria to promote healthy muscle. The polyphenol curcumin, derived from the rhizome Curcuma longa L., is a natural antioxidant that exhibits various pharmacological activities and therapeutic properties. However, the effect of curcumin on the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle remains unknown. The present study aimed to examine the effects of combination of endurance training (eTR) and curcumin treatment on the expression of AMPK, SIRT1, PGC-1α, and OXPHOS subunits, mitochondrial DNA copy number, and CS activity in rat skeletal muscle. Furthermore, the present study also examined the effect of exercise and curcumin treatment on the levels of cAMP and downstream targets of PKA including phosphorylated CREB and LKB-1. METHODS: Ten-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into non-eTR and eTR groups. Low doses (50 mg/kg-BW/day) or high doses (100 mg/kg-BW/day) of curcumin dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were injected intraperitoneally in all animals for 28 days to investigate the effect of curcumin alone and the combined effect of curcumin with eTR. Western blotting (WB) and immunoprecipitation (IP) were performed to detect the presence of proteins. RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that combination of curcumin treatment and eTR increased the expression of COX-IV, OXPHOS subunits, mitochondrial DNA copy number and CS activity in the gastrocnemius (Gas) and soleus (Sol) muscles. In addition, this combination increased AMPK phosphorylation, NAD(+)/NADH ratio, SIRT1 expression, and PGC-1α deacetylation. Furthermore, curcumin treatment as well as exercise also increased levels of cAMP and downstream target of PKA including phosphorylation CREB and LKB-1 which are involved in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these results suggest that the combination of curcumin treatment and eTR has the potential to accelerate mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle by increasing cAMP levels. Article Published Date : Sep 30, 2015

Abstract Title: Rosa rugosa Aqueous Extract Alleviates Endurance Exercise-Induced Stress. Abstract Source: J Med Food. 2015 Jun ;18(6):711-3. Epub 2015 Feb 12. PMID: 25674938 Abstract Author(s): Eunjin Seo, Yanghee You, Ho-Geun Yoon, Boemjeong Kim, Kyungmi Kim, Yoo-Hyun Lee, Jeongmin Lee, Jin Woong Chung, Sangin Shim, Woojin Jun Article Affiliation: Eunjin Seo Abstract: This study was performed to investigate the effect of water extract from Rosa rugosa (RRW) on endurance exercise-induced stress in mice. The mice were orally administered with distilled water or RRW, respectively. The endurance capacity was evaluated by exhaustive swimming using an adjustable-current water pool. Mice administered RRW swam longer before becoming exhausted. Also, RRW administration resulted in less lipid peroxidation, lower muscular antioxidant enzyme activities, and lower cortisol level. The results suggest that RRW can prevent exercise-induced stress by decreasing oxidative stress levels. Article Published Date : May 31, 2015

Abstract Title: Green tea extract supplementation does not hamper endurance-training adaptation but improves antioxidant capacity in sedentary men. Abstract Source: Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2015 May 8:1-7. Epub 2015 May 8. PMID: 26319566 Abstract Author(s): Yu-Chi Kuo, Jung-Charng Lin, Jeffrey R Bernard, Yi-Hung Liao Article Affiliation: Yu-Chi Kuo Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of green tea extract (GTE) supplementation combined with endurance training on endurance capacity and performance in sedentary men. Forty untrained men (age: 20± 1 years) participated in this study. Subjects were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: (i) placebo-control (CTRL), (ii) GTE, (iii) endurance training (Ex), and (iv) endurance training with GTE (ExGTE). During the 4-week intervention, exercise training was prescribed as 75% oxygen uptake reserve for three 20-min sessions per week, and either GTE (250 mg/day) or placebo was provided. Endurance capacity, malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant status (TAS), and creatine kinase (CK) were examined. Ex and ExGTE but not GTE improved exhaustive-run time (Ex: +8.2%, p = 0.031; ExGTE: +14.3%, p<0.001); in addition, Ex and ExGTE significantly increased maximal oxygen uptake by∼14% (p = 0.041) and ∼17% (p = 0.017) above the values of the CTRL group, respectively. Both Ex and ExGTE significantly decreased the increase of CK by ∼11%-32% below that of CTRL following an exhaustive run (Ex: p = 0.007; ExGTE: p = 0.001). Moreover, TAS levels increased by ∼11% in ExGTE after training (p = 0.040), and GTE, Ex, and ExGTE markedly attenuated exercise-induced MDA production (p = 0.01, p = 0.005, p = 0.011, respectively). In conclusion, this investigation demonstrated that daily ingestion of GTE during endurance training does not impair improvements in endurance capacity. Moreover, endurance training combined with GTE not only increases antioxidant capacity without attenuating endurance training adaptations, but also further attenuates acute exercise-induced CK release. Article Published Date : May 07, 2015

Abstract Title: Effects of far-infrared sauna bathing on recovery from strength and endurance training sessions in men. Abstract Source: Springerplus. 2015 ;4:321. Epub 2015 Jul 7. PMID: 26180741 Abstract Author(s): Antti Mero, Jaakko Tornberg, Mari Mäntykoski, Risto Puurtinen Article Affiliation: Antti Mero Abstract: PURPOSE: This study investigated effects of far-infrared sauna (FIRS) bathing on recovery from strength training and endurance training sessions, but also possible differences between FIRS and traditional (TRAD) Finnish sauna bathing. METHODS: Ten healthy physically active male volunteers had on various days either a 60 min hypertrophic strength training session (STS) or a 34-40 min maximal endurance training session (ETS), which was following by 30 min bathing in special FIRS sauna at temperature of 35-50°C and humidity of 25-35%. After the sauna, subjects sat for 30 min at room temperature (21°C and 25-30%humidity). In comparison, 30 min of TRAD took place at 35-50°C and in 60-70% humidity. Performance tests included maximal isometric bench press and leg press, counter movement jump (CMJ) and maximal oxygen uptake on a treadmill. RESULTS: After STS, there were decreases in maximal isometric bench press (p < 0.001), maximal isometric leg press (p < 0.001), CMJ (p < 0.001) and pH (p < 0.001), but increases in heart rate (p < 0.001) and lactate concentration (p < 0.001) as expected. During recovery there were no differences in any variables between FIRS and no sauna bathing (NO SAUNA). Maximal ETS increased oxygen uptake (p < 0.001), heart rate (p < 0.001), lactate concentration (p < 0.001) and decreased pH (p < 0.001) as expected. During recovery at 30 min, CMJ was significantly (p < 0.05) higher (0.34 ± 0.09 m) after FIRS bathing than after sitting with NO SAUNA (0.32 ± 0.0 m). After sauna heart rate was higher (p < 0.05) in TRAD (92 ± 13 beats/min) than in FIRS (71 ± 7 beats/min). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, deep penetration of infrared heat (approximately 3-4 cm into fat tissue and neuromuscular system) with mild temperature (35-50°C), and light humidity (25-35%) during FIRS bathing appears favorable for the neuromuscular system to recover from maximal endurance performance. FIRS bathing is a very light loading for the body and provides a comfortableand relaxing experience. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2014

Abstract Title: An integrative analysis reveals coordinated reprogramming of the epigenome and the transcriptome in human skeletal muscle after training. Abstract Source: Epigenetics. 2014 Dec 2 ;9(12):1557-69. PMID: 25484259 Abstract Author(s): Maléne E Lindholm, Francesco Marabita, David Gomez-Cabrero, Helene Rundqvist, Tomas J Ekström, Jesper Tegnér, Carl Johan Sundberg Article Affiliation: Maléne E Lindholm Abstract: Regular endurance exercise training induces beneficial functional and health effects in human skeletal muscle. The putative contribution to the training response of the epigenome as a mediator between genes and environment has not been clarified. Here we investigated the contribution of DNA methylation and associated transcriptomic changes in a well-controlled human intervention study. Training effects were mirrored by significant alterations in DNA methylation and gene expression in regions with a homogeneous muscle energetics and remodeling ontology. Moreover, a signature of DNA methylation and gene expression separated the samples based on training and gender. Differential DNA methylation was predominantly observed in enhancers, gene bodies and intergenic regions and less in CpG islands or promoters. We identified transcriptional regulator binding motifs of MRF, MEF2 and ETS proteins in the proximity of the changing sites. A transcriptional network analysis revealed modules harboring distinct ontologies and, interestingly, the overall direction of the changes of methylation within each module was inversely correlated to expression changes. In conclusion, we show that highly consistent and associated modifications in methylation and expression, concordant with observed health-enhancing phenotypic adaptations, are induced by a physiological stimulus. Article Published Date : Dec 01, 2014

Abstract Title: The effect of almond consumption on elements of endurance exercise performance in trained athletes. Abstract Source: J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2014 ;11:18. Epub 2014 May 11. PMID: 24860277 Abstract Author(s): Muqing Yi, Jinde Fu, Lili Zhou, Hong Gao, Chenguang Fan, Jing Shao, Baohua Xu, Qirong Wang, Juntao Li, Guangwei Huang, Karen Lapsley, Jeffrey B Blumberg, C-Y Oliver Chen Article Affiliation: Muqing Yi Abstract: BACKGROUND: Almonds are a healthy tree nut food with high nutrient density. Their consumption has been shown to ameliorate oxidative stress, inflammation, etc. The objective of the study was to examine the effect of almonds on elements of endurance exercise performance in trained athletes. METHODS: A 10-week crossover, placebo controlled study was conducted. Eight trained male cyclists and two triathletes were randomly assigned to consume 75 g/d whole almonds (ALM) or isocaloric cookies (COK) with equal subject number. They consumed the assigned food for 4 wks and then the alternate food for another 4 wks. They underwent 3 performance tests including 125-min steady status exercise (SS) and 20-min time trial (TT) on an indoor stationary trainer at the start of the study (BL) and at the end of each intervention phase. Venous blood was collected in the morning prior to the performance test for biochemical measurements and finger blood during the test for glucose determination. Carbohydrate and fat oxidation, energy expenditure, and oxygen use were calculated using respiratory gas analysis. RESULTS: ALM increased cycling distance during TT by 1.7 km as compared BL (21.9 vs. 20.2 km, P = 0.053) and COK increased 0.6 km (20.8 vs. 20.2 km, P > 0.05). ALM, but not COK, led to higher CHO and lower fat oxidation and less oxygen consumption during TT than BL (P < 0.05), whereas there was no significant difference in heart rate among BL, ALM and COK. ALM maintained higher blood glucose level after TT than COK (P < 0.05). ALM had higher vitamin E and haemoglobin and lower serum free fatty acid (P < 0.05), slightly elevated serum arginine and nitric oxide and plasma insulin (P > 0.05) than BL, and a higher total antioxidant capacity than COK (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Whole almonds improved cycling distance and the elements related to endurance performance more than isocaloric cookies in trained athletes as some nutrients in almonds may contribute to CHO reservation and utilization and effective oxygen utilization. The results suggest that almonds can be incorporated into diets of those who undertake exercise training for performance improvement. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2013

Abstract Title: Exercise training improves endothelial function in young prehypertensives. Abstract Source: Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2013 Apr ;238(4):433-41. PMID: 23760009 Abstract Author(s): Darren T Beck, Darren P Casey, Jeffrey S Martin, Blaze D Emerson, Randy W Braith Article Affiliation: Darren T Beck Abstract: Prehypertensives exhibit marked endothelial dysfunction, a risk factor for future cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the ability of exercise to ameliorate endothelial dysfunction in prehypertensives is grossly underinvestigated. This prospective randomized and controlled study examined the separate effects of resistance and endurance training on conduit artery endothelial function in young prehypertensives. Forty-three unmedicated prehypertensive (systolic blood pressure [SBP]=120-139 mmHg; diastolic blood pressure [DBP]=80-89 mmHg) but otherwise healthy men and women and 15 normotensive matched time-controls (NMTC); n = 15) between 18 and 35 y of age met screening requirements and participated in the study. Prehypertensive subjects were randomly assigned to either a resistance exercise training (PHRT; n = 15), endurance exercise training (PHET; n = 13) or time-control group (PHTC; n = 15). The treatment groups performed exercise training three days per week for eight weeks. The control groups did not initiate exercise programs throughout the study. Flow mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery, biomarkers of enodothelial function and peripheral blood pressure were evaluated before and after exercise intervention or time-matched control. PHRT and PHET reduced resting SBP (9.6± 3.6 and 11.9 ± 3.4 mmHg, respectively; P<0.05) and DBP (8.0± 5.1 and 7.2 ± 3.4 mmHg, respectively; P<0.05). Exercise training improved brachial artery FMD absolute diameter, percent dilation and normalized percent dilation by 30%, 34% and 19% for PHRT, P<0.05; and by 54%, 63% and 75% for PHET, P<0.05; respectively. PHRT and PHET increased plasma concentrations of 6-keto prostaglandin F1α (19% and 22%, respectively; P<0.05), NO x (19% and 23%, respectively; P<0.05), and reduced endothelin-1 by (16% and 24%, respectively; P<0.01). This study provides novel evidence that resistance and endurance exercise separately have beneficial effects on resting peripheral blood pressure, brachial artery FMD and endothelial-derived vasoactive agents in young prehypertensives. Article Published Date : Mar 31, 2013

Abstract Title: Exercise training for blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Abstract Source: J Am Heart Assoc. 2013 Feb ;2(1):e004473. Epub 2013 Feb 1. PMID: 23525435 Abstract Author(s): Veronique A Cornelissen, Neil A Smart Article Affiliation: Veronique A Cornelissen Abstract: BACKGROUND: We conducted meta-analyses examining the effects of endurance, dynamic resistance, combined endurance and resistance training, and isometric resistance training on resting blood pressure (BP) in adults. The aims were to quantify and compare BP changes for each training modality and identify patient subgroups exhibiting the largest BP changes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Randomized controlled trials lasting≥4 weeks investigating the effects of exercise on BP in healthy adults (age ≥18 years) and published in a peer-reviewed journal up to February 2012 were included. Random effects models were used for analyses, with data reported as weighted means and 95% confidence interval. We included 93 trials, involving 105 endurance, 29 dynamic resistance, 14 combined, and 5 isometric resistance groups, totaling 5223 participants (3401 exercise and 1822 control). Systolic BP (SBP) was reduced after endurance (-3.5 mm Hg [confidence limits -4.6 to -2.3]), dynamic resistance (-1.8 mm Hg [-3.7 to -0.011]), and isometric resistance (-10.9 mm Hg [-14.5 to -7.4]) but not after combined training. Reductions in diastolic BP (DBP) were observed after endurance (-2.5 mm Hg [-3.2 to -1.7]), dynamic resistance (-3.2 mm Hg [-4.5 to -2.0]), isometric resistance (-6.2 mm Hg [-10.3 to -2.0]), and combined (-2.2mm Hg [-3.9 to -0.48]) training. BP reductions after endurance training were greater (P<0.0001) in 26 study groups of hypertensive subjects (-8.3 [-10.7 to -6.0]/-5.2 [-6.8 to -3.4] mm Hg) than in 50 groups of prehypertensive subjects (-2.1 [-3.3 to -0.83]/-1.7 [-2.7 to -0.68]) and 29 groups of subjects with normal BP levels (-0.75 [-2.2 to +0.69]/-1.1 [-2.2 to -0.068]). BP reductions after dynamic resistance training were largest for prehypertensive participants (-4.0 [-7.4 to -0.5]/-3.8 [-5.7 to -1.9] mm Hg) compared with patients with hypertension or normal BP. CONCLUSION: Endurance, dynamic resistance, and isometric resistance training lower SBP and DBP, whereas combined training lowers only DBP. Data from a small number of isometric resistance training studies suggest this form of training has the potential for the largest reductions in SBP. Article Published Date : Jan 31, 2013

Abstract Title: Telomere length and long-term endurance exercise: does exercise training affect biological age? A pilot study. Abstract Source: PLoS One. 2012 ;7(12):e52769. Epub 2012 Dec 26. PMID: 23300766 Abstract Author(s): Ida BeateØ Osthus, Antonella Sgura, Francesco Berardinelli, Ingvild Vatten Alsnes, Eivind Brønstad, Tommy Rehn, Per Kristian Støbakk, Håvard Hatle, Ulrik Wisløff, Javaid Nauman Article Affiliation: K. G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Telomeres are potential markers of mitotic cellular age and are associated with physical ageing process. Long-term endurance training and higher aerobic exercise capacity (VO(2max)) are associated with improved survival, and dynamic effects of exercise are evident with ageing. However, the association of telomere length with exercise training and VO(2max) has so far been inconsistent. Our aim was to assess whether muscle telomere length is associated with endurance exercise training and VO(2max) in younger and older people. METHODS: Twenty men; 10 young (22-27 years) and 10 old (66-77 years), were studied in this cross-sectional study. Five out of 10 young adults and 5 out of 10 older were endurance athletes, while other halves were exercising at a medium level of activity. Mean telomere length was measured as telomere/single copy gene-ratio (T/S-ratio) using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. VO(2max) was measured directly running on a treadmill. RESULTS: Older endurance trained athletes had longer telomere length compared with older people with medium activity levels (T/S ratio 1.12±0.1 vs. 0.92±0.2, p = 0.04). Telomere length of young endurance trained athletes was not different than young non-athletes (1.47±0.2 vs. 1.33±0.1, p = 0.12). Overall, there was a positive association between T/S ratio and VO(2max) (r = 0.70, p = 0.001). Among endurance trained athletes, we found a strong correlation between VO(2max) and T/S ratio (r = 0.78, p = 0.02). However, corresponding association among non-athlete participants was relatively weak (r = 0.58, p = 0.09). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that VO(2max) is positively associated with telomere length, and we found that long-term endurance exercise training may provide a protective effect on muscle telomere length in older people. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2011

Abstract Title: Exercise is good for your blood pressure: effects of endurance training and resistance training. Abstract Source: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2006 Sep ;33(9):853-6. PMID: 16922820 Abstract Author(s): R H Fagard Article Affiliation: R H Fagard Abstract: 1. Although several epidemiological studies have not observed significant independent relationships between physical activity or fitness and blood pressure, others have concluded that blood pressure is lower in individuals who are more fit or active. However, longitudinal intervention studies are more appropriate for assessing the effects of physical activity on blood pressure. 2. Previously, we have performed meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials involving dynamic aerobic endurance training or resistance training. Inclusion criteria were: random allocation to intervention and control; physical training as the sole intervention; inclusion of healthy sedentary normotensive and/or hypertensive adults; intervention duration of at least 4 weeks; availability of systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure; and publication in a peer-reviewed journal up to December 2003. 3. The meta-analysis on endurance training involved 72 trials and 105 study groups. After weighting for the number of trained participants, training induced significant net reductions of resting and day time ambulatory blood pressure of 3.0/2.4 mmHg (P<0.001) and 3.3/3.5 mmHg (P<0.01), respectively. The reduction of resting blood pressure was more pronounced in the 30 hypertensive study groups (-6.9/-4.9) than in the others (-1.9/-1.6; P<0.001 for all). Systemic vascular resistance decreased by 7.1% (P<0.05), plasma noradrenaline by 29% (P<0.001) and plasma renin activity by 20% (P<0.05). Bodyweight decreased by 1.2 kg (P<0.001), waist circumference by 2.8 cm (P<0.001), percentage body fat by 1.4% (P<0.001) and the Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA) index of insulin resistance by 0.31 units (P<0.01). High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol increased by 0.032 mmol/L (P<0.05). 4. Resistance training has been less well studied. A meta-analysis of nine randomized controlled trials (12 study groups) on mostly dynamic resistance training revealed a weighted net reduction of diastolic blood pressure of 3.5 mmHg (P<0.01) associated with exercise and a non-significant reduction of systolic blood pressure of 3.2 mmHg (P = 0.10). 5. In conclusion, dynamic aerobic endurance training decreases blood pressure through a reduction of systemic vascular resistance, in which the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin system appear to be involved, and favourably affects concomitant cardiovascular risk factors. In addition, the few available data suggest that resistance training is able to reduce blood pressure. Article Published Date : Aug 31, 2006

Abstract Title: Comparison of anti-leukemic immunity against U937 cells in endurance athletes versus sedentary controls. Abstract Source: Int J Sports Med. 2000 Nov;21(8):602-7. PMID: 11156283 Abstract Author(s): J Chiang, Y W Huang, M L Chen, S Y Wang, A C Huang, Y J Chen Abstract: To examine whether endurance athletes have higher anti-leukemic immunity than sedentary controls or not, we isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC) from cyclists and sedentary controls to prepare conditioned media (CM) with various doses of phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The proliferation-inhibiting and differentiation-inducing activities of these PHA-MNC-CM on human leukemic U937 cells were investigated. Our results show that the growth inhibition activity of cyclists' PHA-MNC-CM were higher than that of controls. The dosage of PHA used to prepare MNC-CM to achieve about 90% growth inhibition was 5 microg/ml in the control group and was 2 microg/ml in the athletes group. The differentiation-inducing effects were evaluated by morphological scoring, superoxide production, and monocyte-associated antigen expression (CD14 and CD68). These three parameters all demonstrated the differentiation-inducing effect of MNC-CM increased with increasing dose of PHA. These effects were significantly greater in the athletic when compared to the sedentary control group at all doses of PHA. The levels of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma PHA-MNC-CM increased in a PHA dose-dependent manner and were much higher in the athletic group when compared to the controls. We conclude that the capacity of endurance athletes to activate anti-leukemic immunity is significantly higher than that of sedentary controls. Article Published Date : Nov 01, 2000

Abstract Title: Training-induced alterations in fat and carbohydrate metabolism during exercise in elderly subjects. Abstract Source: Am J Physiol. 1998 May ;274(5 Pt 1):E785-90. PMID: 9612234 Abstract Author(s): S Sial, A R Coggan, R C Hickner, S Klein Article Affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. Abstract: Compared with young adults, fat oxidation is lower in elderly persons during endurance exercise performed at either the same absolute or relative intensity. We evaluated the effect of 16 wk of endurance training on fat and glucose metabolism during 60 min of moderate intensity exercise [50% of pretraining peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak)] in six elderly men and women (74 +/- 2 yr). Training caused a 21% increase in mean VO2peak. The average rate of fat oxidation during exercise was greater after (221 +/- 28 mumol/min) than before (166 +/- 17 mumol/min) training (P = 0.002), and the average rate of carbohydrate oxidation during exercise was lower after (3,180 +/- 461 mumol/min) than before (3,937 +/- 483 mumol/min) training (P = 0.003). Training did not cause a significant change in glycerol rate of appearance (Ra), free fatty acid (FFA) Ra, and FFA rate of disappearance during exercise. However, glucose Ra during exercise was lower after (1,027 +/- 95 mumol/min) than before (1,157 +/- 69 mumol/min) training (P = 0.01). These results demonstrate that a 16-wk period of endurance training increases fat oxidation without a significant change in lipolysis (glycerol Ra) or FFA availability (FFA Ra) during exercise in elderly subjects. Therefore, the training-induced increase in fat oxidation during exercise is likely related to alterations in skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism. Article Published Date : Apr 30, 1998

Abstract Title: Effects of training duration on substrate turnover and oxidation during exercise. Abstract Source: J Appl Physiol. 1996 Nov ;81(5):2182-91. PMID: 9053394 Abstract Author(s): S M Phillips, H J Green, M A Tarnopolsky, G F Heigenhauser, R E Hill, S M Grant Article Affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Abstract: Adaptations in fat and carbohydrates metabolism after a prolonged endurance training program were examined using stable isotope tracers of glucose ([6,6-2H2]glucose), glycerol ([2H5]glycerol), and palmitate ([2H2]palmitate). Active, but untrained, males exercised on a cycle for 2 h/day [60% pretraining peak O2 consumption (VO2peak) = 44.3 +/- 2.4 ml.kg-1.min-1] for a total of 31 days. Three cycle tests (90 min at 60% pretraining VO2peak) were administered before training (PRE) and after 5 (5D) and 31 (31D) days of training. Exercise increased the rate of glucose production (Ra) and utilization (Rd) as well as the rate of lipolysis (glycerol Ra) and free fatty acid turnover (FFARa/Rd). At 5D, training induced a 10% (P<0.05) increase in total fat oxidation because of an increase in intramuscular triglyceride oxidation (+63%, P<0.05) and a decreased glycogen oxidation (-16%, P<0.05). At 31D, total fat oxidation during exercise increased a further 58% (P<0.01). The pattern of fat utilization during exercise at 31D showed a reduced reliance on plasma FFA oxidation (FFA Rd) and a greater dependence on oxidation of intramuscular triglyceride, which increased more than twofold (P<0.001). In addition, glucose Ra and Rd were reduced at all time points during exercise at 31D compared with PRE and 5D. We conclude that long-term training induces a progressive increase in fat utilization mediated by a greater oxidation of fats from intramuscular sources and a reduction in glucose oxidation. Initial changes are present as early as 5D and occur before increases in muscle maximal mitochondrial enzyme activity. Article Published Date : Oct 31, 1996

Abstract Title: Increased plasma FFA uptake and oxidation during prolonged exercise in trained vs. untrained humans. Abstract Source: Am J Physiol. 1992 Jun ;262(6 Pt 1):E791-9. PMID: 1319676 Abstract Author(s): L P Turcotte, E A Richter, B Kiens Article Affiliation: August Krogh Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Abstract: We studied the effect of local muscle adaptations on free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism during prolonged exercise in trained and untrained subjects. Six trained (T) and six untrained (UT) young human males exercised for 3 h at 60% of their individual maximal dynamic knee extension capacity. The contribution of blood and plasma metabolites as well as intramuscular substrates to oxidative metabolism in the thigh was calculated from arteriovenous differences and femoral-venous blood flow as well as from muscle biopsies in subjects that were continuously infused with [1-14C]palmitate. Arterial plasma FFA concentration increased over time in both T and UT. Fractional uptake of FFA across the thigh remained unchanged over time in T (15%) but decreased in UT (from 15 to 7%), especially during the last hour of exercise. Thus FFA uptake increased linearly over time in T (96 +/- 20 to 213 +/- 20 mumol.min-1.kg-1), whereas it leveled off after 2 h in UT (74 +/- 16 to 133 +/- 46) even though FFA delivery increased similarly in T and UT. Percentage oxidation was similar in T and UT; thus total FFA oxidation was higher in T. Glucose uptake increased in both groups over time and was significantly higher in UT during the last hour of exercise. In conclusion, during prolonged knee extension exercise, FFA uptake increases linearly with FFA delivery in the trained thigh, whereas in the untrained thigh uptake becomes saturated with time. This difference partly explains the increased lipid oxidation in T vs. UT and suggests, furthermore, that local muscle adaptations to training are important for the utilization of FFA during prolonged exercise. Article Published Date : May 31, 1992