Abstract Title: Anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D and resistance training in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus and vitamin D deficiency: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Abstract Source: J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2019 Dec ;18(2):323-331. Epub 2019 Jun 24. PMID: 31890657 Abstract Author(s): Ali Dadrass, Khalid Mohamadzadeh Salamat, Kamaladdin Hamidi, Kamal Azizbeigi Article Affiliation: Ali Dadrass Abstract: Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D and resistance training in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus and vitamin D deficiency. Design: This study was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial.: IRCT20190204042621N1. Participants: Forty-eight patients with type 2 diabetes aged 40-65 (from a total of 52 volunteers in Ardabil diabetes clinic) were randomly assigned to either the vitamin D supplementation with resistance training group (VD + RT: = 12), the resistance training group (RT: = 12), the vitamin D supplementation group (VD: = 12), or the control group (CON: = 12). Intervention: The subjects in VD group took vitamin D supplements at 50000 IU per 2 weeks for 3 months; the subjects in RT group exercised 3 times per week for 12 weeks; and the subjects in VD + RT group participated in both treatments. Subjects in CON group were asked to maintain normal daily life pattern for the duration of the study. Measurements: Serum Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were determined at pre and post-test and the data were compared among the four groups and between two tests (4 × 2) using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Results: IL-6 decreased significantly ( = 0.001) in all groups (VD + RT = % -71.73, RT = % -65.85, VD = % -61.70). TNF-α decreased significantly ( = 0.001) in VD + RT (% -44.90) and RT (% -40) groups. CRP showed no significant change in any group ( > 0.05). Conclusion: Results demonstrated that vitamin D supplementation in addition to resistance training had positive effects on some inflammatory markers in T2D and vitamin D deficient men. Vitamin D supplementation was especially effective when it was complemented with exercise training. Article Published Date : Nov 30, 2019

Abstract Title: Acute Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Movement Velocity in Resistance Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Abstract Source: Sports Med. 2019 Oct 23. Epub 2019 Oct 23. PMID: 31643020 Abstract Author(s): Javier Raya-González, Tara Rendo-Urteaga, Raúl Domínguez, Daniel Castillo, Alejandro Rodríguez-Fernández, Jozo Grgic Article Affiliation: Javier Raya-González Abstract: BACKGROUND: Several studies investigated the effects of caffeine supplementation on movement velocity in resistance exercise. However, these studies presented inconsistent findings. OBJECTIVE: This paper aimed to: (a) review the studies that explored the effects of caffeine supplementation on movement velocity in resistance exercise; and (b) pool their results using a meta-analysis. METHODS: A search for studies was performed through seven databases. Random-effects meta-analyses of standardized mean differences (SMD) were performed to analyze the data. Sub-group meta-analyses explored the effects of caffeine on different velocity variables (i.e., mean and peak velocity), different loads (i.e., low, moderate, and high loads), and upper- and lower-body exercises. RESULTS: Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. In the main meta-analysis, in which we pooled all available studies, the SMD favored the caffeine condition (SMD = 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.39-0.84; p < 0.001). Sub-group analyses indicated that caffeine significantly enhances mean (SMD = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.48-1.12; p < 0.001) and peak velocity (SMD = 0.41; 95% CI: 0.08-0.75; p = 0.014), movement velocity with low loads (SMD = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.41-1.14; p < 0.001), moderate loads (SMD = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.25-0.91; p = 0.001), and high loads (SMD = 0.70; 95% CI: 0.33-1.07; p < 0.001), as well as in lower-body (SMD = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.42-1.23; p < 0.001) and upper-body exercises (SMD = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.37-0.82; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Acute caffeine supplementation is highly ergogenic for movement velocity in resistance exercise. Sub-group analyses indicated that caffeine ingestion is ergogenic: (a) for both mean and peak velocity; (b) for movement velocity when exercising with low, moderate and high loads, and (c) for movement velocity in both lower- and upper-body exercises. Previous meta-analyses that explored the effects of caffeine on various aspects of resistance exercise performance (i.e., muscular strength and endurance) reported trivial to moderate ergogenic effects (effect size range: 0.16-0.38). In the present meta-analysis, the pooled effect size ranged from 0.41 to 0.82. From a resistance exercise performance standpoint, this suggests that caffeine has the most pronounced performance-enhancing effects on movement velocity. Article Published Date : Oct 22, 2019

Abstract Title: A Randomized Study Examining the Effects of Mild-to-Moderate Group Exercises on Cardiovascular, Physical, and Psychological Well-Being in Patients With Heart Failure. Abstract Source: J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2019 Aug 7. Epub 2019 Aug 7. PMID: 31397771 Abstract Author(s): Laura S Redwine, Kathleen Wilson, Meredith A Pung, Kelly Chinh, Thomas Rutledge, Paul J Mills, Barbara Smith Article Affiliation: Laura S Redwine Abstract: PURPOSE: To compare 2 mild-to-moderate group exercises and treatment as usual (TAU) for improvements in physical function and depressive symptoms. METHODS: Patients with heart failure (n = 70, mean age = 66 yr, range = 45-89 yr) were randomized to 16 wk of tai chi (TC), resistance band (RB) exercise, or TAU. RESULTS: Physical function differed by group from baseline to follow-up, measured by distance walked in the 6-min walk test (F = 3.19, P = .03). Tai chi participants demonstrated a nonsignificant decrease of 162 ft (95% confidence interval [CI], 21 to -345, P = .08) while distance walked by RB participants remained stable with a nonsignificant increase of 70 ft (95% CI, 267 to -127, P = .48). Treatment as usual group significantly decreased by 205 ft (95% CI, -35 to -374, P = .02) and no group differences occurred over time in end-systolic volume (P = .43) and left ventricular function (LVEF) (P = .67). However, groups differed over time in the Beck Depression Inventory (F = 9.2, P<.01). Both TC and RB groups improved (decreased) by 3.5 points (95% CI, 2-5, P<.01). Treatment as usual group decreased insignificantly 1 point (95% CI, -1 to 3, P = .27). CONCLUSIONS: Tai chi and RB participants avoided a decrease in physical function decrements as seen with TAU. No groups changed in cardiac function. Both TC and RB groups saw reduced depression symptoms compared with TAU. Thus, both TC and RB groups avoided a decrease in physical function and improved their psychological function when compared with TAU. Article Published Date : Aug 06, 2019

Abstract Title: Resistance training improves cardiovascular autonomic control and biochemical profile of rats exposed to Western diet in the perinatal period. Abstract Source: Rev Port Cardiol. 2019 May ;38(5):337-345. Epub 2019 Jun 18. PMID: 31227291 Abstract Author(s): Michael Nadson Santos Santana, Vitor Ulisses De Melo, Fabricio Nunes Macedo, André Sales Barreto, Robervan Vidal-Santos, Mario Matiotti Neto, Marcio Roberto Viana Dos Santos, Valter Joviniano Santana-Filho Article Affiliation: Michael Nadson Santos Santana Abstract: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Consumption of a Western diet during the perinatal period is associated with development of cardiovascular disease. Resistance training (RT) has been used to treat cardiovascular disorders. The aim of this work was to assess the effect of RT on cardiometabolic disorders in rats exposed to a Western diet in the perinatal period. METHODS: Female Wistar rats were fed with control or Western diet during pregnancy and lactation. The pups were divided into three groups: Control (C), Western Diet Sedentary (WDS) and Western Diet + RT (WDRT). At 60 days of age, all animals started the RT protocol (five times a week for four weeks). At the end, blood pressure was recorded for analysis of heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS). Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. RESULTS: RT reduced blood pressure and vascular sympathetic modulation and increased BRS. There were improvements in biochemical profile, with reductions in fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein, and an increase in high-density lipoprotein. CONCLUSION: RT led to beneficial adaptations in the cardiovascular system, mediated by changes in the mechanisms of autonomic control and biochemical profile of animals exposed to a Western diet in the perinatal period. Article Published Date : Apr 30, 2019

Abstract Title: Resistance training restores metabolic alterations induced by monosodium glutamate in a sex-dependent manner in male and female rats. Abstract Source: J Cell Biochem. 2019 Mar 27. Epub 2019 Mar 27. PMID: 30916837 Abstract Author(s): Caroline B Quines, Natália S Jardim, Paulo Cesar O Araujo, José Luiz Cechella, Vinicius C Prado, Cristina W Nogueira Article Affiliation: Caroline B Quines Abstract: Despite resistance exercises being associated with health outcomes, numerous issues are still unresolved and further research is required before the exercise can faithfully be prescribed as medicine. The goal of this study was to investigate whether there are sex differences in resistance training effects on metabolic alterations induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG), a model of obesity, in male and female rats. Male and female Wistar rats received MSG (4 g/kg body weight/day, s.c.) from postnatal day 1 to 10. After 10 days from MSG administration, the rats were separated into two groups: MSG-sedentary and MSG-exercised. At postnatal day 60, the animals started a resistance training protocol in an 80 degrees inclined vertical ladder apparatus andperformed it for 7 weeks. Control rats received saline solution and were divided in saline-sedentary and saline-exercised. Resistance training restored all plasma biochemical parameters (glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase) increased in maleand female rats treated with MSG. The MSG administration induced hyperglycemia associated with a decrease in the skeletal muscle glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) levels and accompanied by deregulation in proteins, G-6Pase, and tyrosine aminotransferase, involved in hepatic glucose metabolism of male and female rats. MSG induced dyslipidemia and lipotoxicity in the liver and skeletal muscle of male rats. Regarding female rats, lipotoxicity was found only in the skeletal muscle. The resistance training had beneficial effects against metabolic alterations induced by MSG in male and female rats, through regulation of proteins (GLUT2, protein kinase B, and GLUT4) involved in glucose and lipid pathways in the liver and skeletal muscle. Article Published Date : Mar 26, 2019

Abstract Title: High-intensity exercise during chemotherapy induces beneficial effects 12 months into breast cancer survivorship. Abstract Source: J Cancer Surviv. 2019 Mar 25. Epub 2019 Mar 25. PMID: 30912010 Abstract Author(s): Sara Mijwel, Anna Jervaeus, Kate A Bolam, Jessica Norrbom, Jonas Bergh, Helene Rundqvist, Yvonne Wengström Article Affiliation: Sara Mijwel Abstract: PURPOSE: Whether the benefits of exercise during chemotherapy continue into survivorship is not well-known. Here, the aim was to examine the effects of two exercise interventions on self-reported health-related and objectively measured physiological outcomes 12 months following commencement of chemotherapy. METHODS: Two hundred and forty women with breast cancer stage I-IIIa were randomized to 16 weeks of high-intensity aerobic interval training combined with either resistance training (RT-HIIT), or moderate-intensity aerobic training (AT-HIIT), or to usual care (UC). PRIMARY OUTCOME: cancer-related fatigue (CRF); secondary outcomes: quality of life (QoL), symptom burden, muscle strength, cardiorespiratory-fitness, body mass, and return to work. RESULTS: Compared to UC, both RT-HIIT and AT-HIIT significantly counteracted increases in total CRF (ES = - 0.34; ES = - 0.10), daily life CRF (ES=-0.76; ES=-0.50, and affective CRF (ES=-0.60; ES=-0.39). Both RT-HIIT and AT-HIIT reported significantly lower total symptoms (ES = - 0.46, ES = - 0.46), and displayed gains in lower limb (ES = 0.73; ES = 1.03) and handgripmuscle strength (surgery side ES = 0.70, ES = 0.71; non-surgery side ES = 0.57, ES = 0.59). AT-HIIT displayed significant reductions in body mass (ES = - 0.24), improved QoL: role (ES = 0.33) and emotional functioning (ES = 0.40), and a larger proportion had returned towork (p = 0.02) vs UC. CONCLUSION: These findings emphasize the beneficial effects of supervised high-intensity exercise during chemotherapy to improve the health and to reduce societal costs associated with prolonged sick leave for patients with breast cancer several months following chemotherapy. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: These findings provide important information with substantial positive consequences for breast cancer survivorship. High-intensity exercise programs during chemotherapy and support to maintain physical activity can be a powerful strategy to manage or prevent many of the short- and long-term adverse effects of treatment for the increasing cohort of cancer survivors. Article Published Date : Mar 24, 2019

Abstract Title: The effects of resistance training on bone mineral density and bone quality in type 2 diabetic rats. Abstract Source: Physiol Rep. 2019 Mar ;7(6):e14046. PMID: 30916457 Abstract Author(s): Aoi Ikedo, Kohei Kido, Satoru Ato, Koji Sato, Ji-Won Lee, Satoshi Fujita, Yuuki Imai Article Affiliation: Aoi Ikedo Abstract: Resistance training (RT) has been known to be effective in maintaining and improving bone strength, which is based on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone quality. However, it is not clear whether RT is effective in improving bone strength in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), who have a high risk of fracture. Therefore, we tested the effects of a 6-week RT regimen using percutaneous electrical stimulation in T2DM model rats, male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF), and its control, Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO). After 6 weeks of RT, tibial BMD in RT legs was significantly higher than that in control (CON) legs in both groups. In diaphyseal cortical bone, bone area/tissue area, and cortical thickness was significantly increased in RT legs compared with CON legs in both groups. Cortical porosity was highly observedin OLETF compared with LETO, but RT improved cortical porosity in both groups. Interestingly, trabecular number, trabecular thickness and trabecular space as well as BMD and bone volume/tissue volume in proximal tibial metaphyseal trabecular bone were significantly improved in RT legs compared withCON legs in both groups. In contrast, connectivity density and structural model index were not affected by RT. These results indicate that the 6-week RT regimen effectively increased BMD and improved bone quality in T2DM model rats as well as control rats. Therefore, RT may have the potential to improve bone strength and reduce fracture risk, even in patients with T2DM. Article Published Date : Feb 28, 2019

Abstract Title: Combined aerobic and resistance training, and incidence of diabetes: A retrospective cohort study in Japanese older women. Abstract Source: J Diabetes Investig. 2018 Dec 18. Epub 2018 Dec 18. PMID: 30561143 Abstract Author(s): Susumu S Sawada, Yuko Gando, Ryoko Kawakami, Steven N Blair, I-Min Lee, Yoshifumi Tamura, Hitomi Tsuda, Hikaru Saito, Motohiko Miyachi Article Affiliation: Susumu S Sawada Abstract: AIMS/INTRODUCTION: To investigate the relationship between combined aerobic and resistance training, and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study included 10,680 Japanese women. Participants enrolled between 2005 and 2010, and were followed up until 2014. The frequency of combined training was counted for the first 3 months, the 6th month and the 9th month. In 2014, women reported whether or not they had diabetes, as well as the year of developing diabetes. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the incidence of type 2 diabetes were obtained using Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: The median duration of follow up was 5 years, with 166 women developing type 2 diabetes. Using the lowest frequency of training group (1st quartile) as the reference, the hazard ratios for the second through fourth quartiles was as follows: 0.95 (95% CI 0.64-1.41), 0.73 (95% CI 0.48-1.13) and 0.69 (95% CI 0.44-1.07), respectively (P for trend = 0.116). After adjustment for age, body mass index and thigh circumference, the hazard ratios were: 0.84 (95% CI 0.56-1.26), 0.69 (95% CI 0.45-1.06) and 0.61 (95% CI 0.39-0.95), respectively (P for trend = 0.040). CONCLUSIONS: A higher frequency of combined aerobic and resistance training is associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes in Japanese women. Article Published Date : Dec 17, 2018

Abstract Title: Effects of 2 Types of Resistance Training Models on Obese Adolescents' Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Risk, and Physical Fitness. Abstract Source: J Strength Cond Res. 2018 Dec 14. Epub 2018 Dec 14. PMID: 30557175 Abstract Author(s): Braulio Henrique Magnani Branco, Isabelle Zanquetta Carvalho, Humberto Garcia de Oliveira, Ana Paula Fanhani, Michelle Cardoso Machado Dos Santos, Leonardo Pestillo de Oliveira, Sara Macente Boni, Nelson Nardo Article Affiliation: Braulio Henrique Magnani Branco Abstract: Magnani Branco, BH, Carvalho, IZ, Garcia de Oliveira, H, Fanhani, AP, Machado dos Santos, MC, Pestillo de Oliveira, L, Macente, SB, and Nelson, NJ. Effects of 2 types of resistance training models on obese adolescents' body composition, cardiometabolic risk, and physical fitness. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2018-The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of 2 types of resistance training (RT) models in conjunction with interdisciplinary interventions by other health professionals to reduce the body fat and cardiometabolic risk of obese adolescents while improving their general health-related physical fitness. The 12-week analyses involved 18 male adolescents who were split into 2 groups (weightlifting: n = 9 and functional: n = 9), with equalization according to the primary muscle group (whenever possible), the effort:pause ratio, and intensity. The results showed reductions in fat mass and body fat, as well as in waist and hip circumferences (p<0.05) after the intervention period. However, no significant differences were observed in terms of the body mass, body mass index, neck circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and for lean mass (p>0.05) after the respective period. Maximal isometric strength, abdominal strength resistance, flexibility, and maximal oxygen consumption all produced significant increases after the interventions (p<0.05). There were reductions in low-density lipoproteins and triglyceride levels after the intervention period (p<0.05). For fasting glycemia, high-density lipoproteins, and alanine aminotransferase, no differences were observed (p>0.05). In addition, no differences were observed in rating of perceived recovery, internal training load, or caloric intake (p>0.05). With the results presented, it is concluded that both RT methods were effective at reducing both fat mass and body fat, thus improving health-related physical fitness components and decreasing cardiometabolic risk. Article Published Date : Dec 13, 2018

Abstract Title: Tai Chi Combined With Resistance Training for Adults Aged 50 Years and Older: A Systematic Review. Abstract Source: J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2018 Dec 10. Epub 2018 Dec 10. PMID: 30531200 Abstract Author(s): Meiling Qi, Wendy Moyle, Cindy Jones, Benjamin Weeks Article Affiliation: Meiling Qi Abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Despite Tai Chi and resistance training being recommended as suitable exercise for older adults, there are no systematic reviews synthesizing the effectiveness of a combination of Tai Chi and resistance training on health promotion of older adults. This study aimed to review the existing literature regarding the effect of Tai Chi and resistance training on physical health, mental health, pain, health-related quality of life, and age-related impairment in adults aged 50 years and older. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted to report the health outcomes of Tai Chi combined with resistance training research in adults aged 50 years and older. Articles were identified by searching PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), and the Cochrane library using search terms representing"Tai Chi"and"resistance"and"older adults."Quantitative experimental studies with participants aged 50 years and older, where one of the interventions was Tai Chi and resistance training, were included. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The literature search yielded 648 articles from which 7 met the inclusion criteria. Collectively, the studies involved 703 participants aged 50 years and older, including healthy older adults, older adults with history of falls, postmenopausal women, and people diagnosed with end-stage hip osteoarthritis. Studies included different Tai Chi forms in combination with various types of resistance training. Training sessions were 2 to 7.5 h/wk and lasted between 12 weeks and 12 months. After long-term Tai Chi and resistance training, the participants showed significant improvement in upper and lower extremity muscle strength, aerobic endurance, balance, and mobility. However, 1 study failed to show improvement in Functional Movement Screening compared with traditional Tai Chi and nonexercise groups. No study examined the effects of Tai Chi and resistance training on health-related quality of life, fear of falling, or mental health in adults aged 50 years and older. CONCLUSIONS: The review supports that Tai Chi in combination with resistance training improves physical function and muscle strength in adults aged 50 years and older. Article Published Date : Dec 09, 2018

Abstract Title: Cardioprotective effect of resistance training and Crataegus oxyacantha extract on ischemia reperfusion-induced oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Abstract Source: Biomed Pharmacother. 2018 Apr ;100:455-460. Epub 2018 Feb 22. PMID: 29477090 Abstract Author(s): Kamal Ranjbar, Ebrahim Zarrinkalam, Iraj Salehi, Alireza Komaki, Bayan Fayazi Article Affiliation: Kamal Ranjbar Abstract: Discovering an effective approach to limit infarction size after ischemia-reperfusion has a clinical importance in diabetics. We investigated the anti-myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury effect of resistance training and Crataegus oxyacantha extract on diabetic rats. To this end, 50 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: the sedentary control (SC), sedentary diabetic (SD), resistance trained diabetic (RD), diabetic plus C. oxyacantha extract treatment (CD) and resistance trained diabetic plus C. oxyacantha extract treatment (RCD) groups. Animals in trained groups were subjected to progressive resistance training program with the use of a ladder (5 days/week, for 10 weeks). C. oxyacantha extract rats were treated with 100 mg/kg body weight of the extract using a gavage every day for 10 weeks. After treatments, rats were subjected to ischemia via LAD artery ligation for 30 min followed by 90 min reperfusion. The heart was collected following the ischemia-reperfusion and analyzed for oxidative stress and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Compared to the SC group, LDH, CK-MB and infarction size in the SD group were significantly higher, whereas injury indices in the RCD group were significantly lower than those in the SD group. GPx and MPO levels after reperfusion increased and decreased, respectively in response to training and C. oxyacantha. These findings suggest that 10 weeks resistance training and C. oxyacantha can synergistically decrease ischemia-reperfusion injury, and this mechanism may be related to a reduction in oxidative stress which is normally associated with ischemia-reperfusion. Article Published Date : Mar 31, 2018

Abstract Title: Polyphenol supplementation alters intramuscular apoptotic signaling following acute resistance exercise. Abstract Source: Physiol Rep. 2018 Jan ;6(2). PMID: 29380956 Abstract Author(s): Jeremy R Townsend, Jeffrey R Stout, Adam R Jajtner, David D Church, Kyle S Beyer, Joshua J Riffe, Tyler W D Muddle, Kelli L Herrlinger, David H Fukuda, Jay R Hoffman Article Affiliation: Jeremy R Townsend Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 28-days of supplementation with an aqueous proprietary polyphenol blend (PPB) sourced from Camellia sinensis on intramuscular apoptotic signaling following an acute lower-body resistance exercise protocol and subsequent recovery. Untrained males (n = 38, 21.8 ± 2.7 years, 173.4 ± 7.9 cm, 77.6 ± 14.6 kg) were randomized to PPB (n = 14), placebo (PL; n = 14) or control (CON; n = 10). Participants completed a lower-body resistance exercise protocol comprised of the squat, leg press, and leg extension exercises. Skeletal muscle microbiopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis preexercise (PRE), 1-h (1HR), 5-h (5HR), and 48-h (48HR) post-resistance exercise. Apoptotic signaling pathways were quantified using multiplex signaling assay kits to quantify total proteins (Caspase 3, 8, 9) and markers of phosphorylation status (JNK, FADD, p53, BAD, Bcl-2). Changes in markers of muscle damage and intramuscular signaling were analyzed via separate repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Change in Bcl-2 phosphorylation at 1H was significantly greater in PL compared to CON (P = 0.001). BAD phosphorylation was significantly elevated at 5H in PL compared to PPB (P = 0.015) and CON (P = 0.006). The change in JNK phosphorylation was significantly greater in PPB (P = 0.009), and PL (P = 0.017) compared to CON at 1H, while the change for PL was elevated compared to CON at 5H (P = 0.002). A main effectwas observed (P < 0.05) at 1H, 5H, and 48H for p53 and Caspase 8, with Caspase 3 and Caspase 9 elevated at 48H. These data indicate that chronic supplementation with PPB alters apoptotic signaling in skeletal muscle following acute muscle-damaging resistance exercise. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2017

Abstract Title: Resistance exercise improves cardiac function and mitochondrial efficiency in diabetic rat hearts. Abstract Source: Pflugers Arch. 2017 Oct 14. Epub 2017 Oct 14. PMID: 29032504 Abstract Author(s): Tae Hee Ko, Jubert C Marquez, Hyoung Kyu Kim, Seung Hun Jeong, SungRyul Lee, Jae Boum Youm, In Sung Song, Dae Yun Seo, Hye Jin Kim, Du Nam Won, Kyoung Im Cho, Mun Gi Choi, Byoung Doo Rhee, Kyung Soo Ko, Nari Kim, Jong Chul Won, Jin Han Article Affiliation: Tae Hee Ko Abstract: Metabolic disturbance and mitochondrial dysfunction are a hallmark of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DC). Resistance exercise (RE) not only enhances the condition of healthy individuals but could also improve the status of those with disease. However, the beneficial effects of RE in the prevention of DC and mitochondrial dysfunction are uncertain. Therefore, this study investigated whether RE attenuates DC by improving mitochondrial function using an in vivo rat model of diabetes. Fourteen Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats were assigned to sedentary control (SC, n = 7) and RE (n = 7) groups at 28 weeks of age. Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka rats were used as the non-diabetic control. The RE rats were trained by 20 repetitions of climbing a ladder 5 days per week. RE rats exhibited higher glucose uptake and lower lipid profiles, indicating changes in energy metabolism. RE rats significantly increased the ejection fraction and fractional shortening compared with the SC rats. Isolated mitochondria in RE rats showed increase in mitochondrial numbers, which were accompanied by higher expression of mitochondrial biogenesis proteins such as proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α and TFAM. Moreover, RE rats reduced proton leakage and reactive oxygen species production, with higher membrane potential. These results were accompanied by higher superoxide dismutase 2 and lower uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) and UCP3 levels in RE rats. These datasuggest that RE is effective at ameliorating DC by improving mitochondrial function, which may contribute to the maintenance of diabetic cardiac contractility. Article Published Date : Oct 13, 2017

Abstract Title: Resistance training alone reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure in prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals: meta-analysis. Abstract Source: Hypertens Res. 2017 Aug 3. Epub 2017 Aug 3. PMID: 28769100 Abstract Author(s): Evitom Corrêa de Sousa, Odilon Abrahin, Ana Lorena Lima Ferreira, Rejane Pequeno Rodrigues, Erik Artur Cortinhas Alves, Rodolfo Paula Vieira Article Affiliation: Evitom Corrêa de Sousa Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of resistance training alone on the systolic and diastolic blood pressure in prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals. Our meta-analysis, followed the guidelines of PRISMA. The search for articles was realized by November 2016 using the following electronic databases: BIREME, PubMed, Cochrane Library, LILACS and SciELO and a search strategy that included the combination of titles of medical affairs and terms of free text to the key concepts: 'hypertension' 'hypertensive', 'prehypertensive', 'resistance training', 'strength training', and 'weight-lifting'. These terms were combined with a search strategy to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and identified a total of 1608 articles: 644 articles BIREME, 53 SciELO, 722 PubMed, 122 Cochrane Library and 67 LILACS. Of these, five RCTs met the inclusion criteria and provided data on 201 individuals. The results showed significant reductions for systolic blood pressure (-8.2 mm Hg CI -10.9 to -5.5;I(2): 22.5% P valor for heterogeneity=0.271 and effect size=-0.97) and diastolic blood pressure (-4.1 mm Hg CI -6.3 to -1.9; I(2): 46.5% P valor for heterogeneity=0.113 and effect size=-0.60) when compared to group control. In conclusion, resistance training alone reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure in prehypertensive and hypertensive subjects. The RCTs studies that investigated the effects of resistance training alone in prehypertensive and hypertensive patients support the recommendation of resistance training as a tool for management of systemic hypertension.Hypertension Research advance online publication, 3 August 2017; doi:10.1038/hr.2017.69. Article Published Date : Aug 02, 2017

Abstract Title: Can resistance training impact MRI outcomes in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis? Abstract Source: Mult Scler. 2017 Jul 1:1352458517722645. Epub 2017 Jul 1. PMID: 28752800 Abstract Author(s): Tue Kjølhede, Susanne Siemonsen, Damian Wenzel, Jan-Patrick Stellmann, Steffen Ringgaard, Bodil Ginnerup Pedersen, Egon Stenager, Thor Petersen, Kristian Vissing, Christoph Heesen, Ulrik Dalgas Article Affiliation: Tue Kjølhede Abstract: BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterised by accelerated brain atrophy, which relates to disease progression. Previous research shows that progressive resistance training (PRT) can counteract brain atrophy in other populations. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of PRT by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical measures of disease progression in people with MS. METHODS: This study was a 24-week randomised controlled cross-over trial, including a Training ( n = 18, 24 weeks of PRT followed by self-guided physical activity) and Waitlist group ( n = 17, 24 weeks of habitual lifestyle followed by PRT). Assessments included disability measures and MRI (lesion load, global brain volume, percentage brain volume change (PBVC) and cortical thickness). RESULTS: While the MS Functional Composite score improved, Expanded Disability Status Scale, lesion load and global brain volumes did not differ between groups. PBVC tended to differ between groups and higher absolute cortical thickness values were observed in 19 of 74 investigated cortical regions after PRT. Observed changes were confirmed and reproduced when comparing relative cortical thickness changes between groups for four areas: anterior cingulate gyrus, temporal pole, orbital sulcus and inferior temporal sulcus. CONCLUSION: PRT seem to induce an increase in cortical thickness, indicating that PRT have a neuroprotective or even neuroregenerative effect in relapsing-remitting MS. Article Published Date : Jun 30, 2017

Abstract Title: Resistance exercise reduces memory impairment induced by monosodium glutamate in male and female rats. Abstract Source: Exp Physiol. 2017 Apr 23. Epub 2017 Apr 23. PMID: 28436061 Abstract Author(s): Paulo Cesar Oliveira Araujo, Caroline Brandão Quines, Natália Silva Jardim, Marlon Regis Leite, Cristina Wayne Nogueira Article Affiliation: Paulo Cesar Oliveira Araujo Abstract: NEW FINDINGS: Monosodium glutamate causes cognitive impairment. Resistance exercise is effective against monosodium glutamate induced memory impairment in male and female mice. ABSTRACT: Monosodium glutamate (MSG), a flavor enhancer in diets, causes cognitive impairment in humans. Exercise has been reported to protect against impairment of memory in humans. This study investigated if resistance exercise improves the performance of male and female rats treated with MSG in tests of memory and motor coordination. Wistar rats received MSG (4g kg day(-1) , s.c.) from post natal day 1 to 10. At postnatal day 60, the animals started a resistance exercise protocol in an 80° inclined vertical ladder apparatus and performed it during 7 weeks. Rats performed object recognition and location memory tests. Resistance exercise reduced impairment in motor coordination of male and female rats treated with MSG. Resistance exercise was effective against the decrease in exploratory preference in the long-term recognition memory (LTM) for novel objects of male rats treated with MSG. In MSG-treated female rats, resistance exercise was effectiveagainst the decrease in exploratory preference in the novel object location test (OLT). The exploratory preference of female rats in the LTM test was similar in all groups. The short-term memory was not altered by MSG or resistance exercise in male and female rats. This study demonstrates that MSGaffected in a different way memory of male and female rats. Resistance exercise was effective against the decrease in recognition for male and in location memory for female rats treated with MSG. This report demonstrates the beneficial effects of resistance exercise against the prejudice of motor condition and impairment of memory induced by MSG in male and female rats. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Article Published Date : Apr 22, 2017

Abstract Title: Effect of Moderate Intensity Exercise on Inflammatory Markers Among Postmenopausal Women. Abstract Source: J Phys Act Health. 2017 Mar 2:1-22. Epub 2017 Mar 2. PMID: 28253046 Abstract Author(s): Eduardo Federighi Baisi Chagas, Mariana Rotta Bonfim, Bruna Camilo Turi, Nair Cristina Margarida Brondino, Henrique Luiz Monteiro Article Affiliation: Eduardo Federighi Baisi Chagas Abstract: BACKGROUND: Declines in ovarian function in postmenopausal women may contribute to increase inflammatory cytokines, which can lead to chronic diseases. However, studies have shown that exercise interventions are important to manage inflammatory conditions. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the effect of exercise intervention on inflammatory markers among obese and postmenopausal women. METHODS: 70 women composed the sample (Exercise group [EG; n=35] and non-exercise group [nEG; n=35]). IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 were the inflammatory markers analyzed. Exercise program was 20 weeks long and consisted of aerobic and neuromuscular training. Data about chronic diseases, medication use, dietary intake, body composition and biochemical variables were collected. RESULTS: EG showed significant reductions in body mass index, waist circumference and body fat percentage, as well as increased lean body mass. EG showed significant reductions in TNF-α and significant interaction between group and intervention time. Reductions in IL-10 were identified only in nEG. Substantial effect of exercise intervention was observed with increased ratio of IL-10/IL-6 and IL-10/TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS: Combination of aerobic exercise and resistance training was effective in reducing inflammation. Thus, implementation and maintenance of similar exercise programs can contribute to reduce chronic inflammation among obese postmenopausal women. Article Published Date : Mar 01, 2017

Abstract Title: The benefit of a supplement with the antioxidant melatonin on redox status and muscle damage in resistance trained athletes. Abstract Source: Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2017 Feb 13. Epub 2017 Feb 13. PMID: 28192673 Abstract Author(s): Roberto C Leonardo-Mendonça, Javier Ocaña-Wilhelmi, Tomás de Haro, Carlos de Teresa-Galván, Eduardo Guerra-Hernández, Iryna Rusanova, Marisol Fernández-Ortiz, Ramy Ka Sayed, Germaine Escames, Darío Acuña-Castroviejo Article Affiliation: Roberto C Leonardo-Mendonça Abstract: Previous data showed that the administration of high doses of melatonin improved the circadian system in athletes. Here, we investigated in the same experimental paradigm whether the antioxidant properties of melatonin has also beneficial effects against exercise-induced oxidative stress and muscle damage in athletes. Twenty-four athletes were treated with 100 mg.day-1 of melatonin or placebo 30 min before bedtime during four weeks in a randomized double-blind scheme. Exercise intensity was higher during the study that before starting it. Blood samples were collected before and after treatment, and plasma was used for oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC), lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitrite plus nitrate (NOx), and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) determinations. Glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulphide (GSSG) levels, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reductase (GRd) activities, were measured in erythrocytes. Melatonin intake increased ORAC, reduced LPO and NOx levels, and prevented the increase of AOPP, compared to placebo group. Melatonin was also more efficient than placebo in reducing GSSG.GSH-1 and GPx.GRd-1 ratios. Melatonin, but not placebo, reduced creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine, and total cholesterol levels. Overall, the data reflect a beneficial effect of melatonin treatment in resistance-training athletes, preventing extra- and intracellular oxidative stress induced by exercise, and yielding further skeletal muscle protection against exercise-induced oxidative damage. Article Published Date : Feb 12, 2017

Abstract Title: Resistance training and redox homeostasis: Correlation with age-associated genomic changes. Abstract Source: Redox Biol. 2016 Dec ;10:34-44. Epub 2016 Sep 21. PMID: 27687219 Abstract Author(s): Ivan Dimauro, Mattia Scalabrin, Cristina Fantini, Elisa Grazioli, Maria Reyes Beltran Valls, Neri Mercatelli, Attilio Parisi, Stefania Sabatini, Luigi Di Luigi, Daniela Caporossi Article Affiliation: Ivan Dimauro Abstract: Regular physical activity is effective as prevention and treatment for different chronic conditions related to the ageing processes. In fact, a sedentary lifestyle has been linked to a worsening of cellular ageing biomarkers such as telomere length (TL) and/or specific epigenetic changes (e.g. DNA methylation), with increase of the propensity to aging-related diseases and premature death. Extending our previous findings, we aimed to test the hypothesis that 12 weeks of low frequency, moderate intensity, explosive-type resistance training (EMRT) may attenuate age-associated genomic changes. To this aim, TL, global DNA methylation, TRF2, Ku80, SIRT1, SIRT2 and global protein acetylation, as well as other proteins involved in apoptotic pathway (Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-3), antioxidant response (TrxR1 and MnSOD) and oxidative damage (myeloperoxidase) were evaluated before and after EMRT in whole blood or peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of elderly subjects. Our findings confirm the potential of EMRT to induce an adaptive change in the antioxidant protein systems at systemic level and suggest a putative role of resistance training in the reduction of global DNA methylation. Moreover, we observed that EMRT counteracts the telomeres' shortening in a manner that proved to be directly correlated with the amelioration of redox homeostasis and efficacy of training regime, evaluated as improvement of both muscle's power/strength and functional parameters. Article Published Date : Nov 30, 2016

Abstract Title: The Case for Increased Physical Activity in Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Brief Review. Abstract Source: Int J Sports Med. 2016 Apr 26. Epub 2016 Apr 26. PMID: 27116344 Abstract Author(s): R J Shephard Article Affiliation: R J Shephard Abstract: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of colon cancer, but there is little information on the merits of such activity in the prevention and management of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (CIBD). The present systematic review thus documents current levels of habitual physical activity and aerobic and muscular function in CIBD, and examines the safety, practicality and efficacy of exercise programmes in countering the disease process, correcting functional deficits and enhancing quality of life. A systematic search of the Ovid/Medline database from January 1996 to May 2015 linked the terms physical activity/motor activity/physical fitness/physical training/physical education/training/exercise/exercise therapy with Crohn's disease/colitis/ulcerative colitis/inflammatory bowel disease, supplementing this information by a scanning of reference lists and personal files.12 of 16 published studies show a low level of habitual physical activity in CIBD, with sub-normal values for aerobic power, lean tissue mass and muscular strength. 3 of 4 studies suggest physical activity may reduce the risk of developing IBD, and 11 interventions all note that exercise programmes are well tolerated with some decreases of disease activity, and functional gains leading to an increased health-related quality of life. Moreover, programme compliance rates compare favourably with those seen in the treatment of other chronic conditions. More information on mechanisms is needed, but regular moderate aerobic and/or resistance exercise improves the health status of patients with CIBD both by modulating immune function and by improving physical function. A regular exercise programme should thus become an important component in the management of CIBD. Article Published Date : Apr 25, 2016

Abstract Title: Acute bout of resistance exercise increases vitamin D receptor protein expression in rat skeletal muscle. Abstract Source: Exp Physiol. 2015 Sep 7. Epub 2015 Sep 7. PMID: 26347486 Abstract Author(s): Yuhei Makanae, Riki Ogasawara, Koji Sato, Yusuke Takamura, Kenji Matsutani, Kohei Kido, Naruhiro Shiozawa, Koichi Nakazato, Satoshi Fujita Article Affiliation: Yuhei Makanae Abstract: Vitamin D and vitamin D receptor (VDR) are involved in maintaining skeletal muscle mass and function. Although resistance exercise is well known to enhance muscle growth and improve muscle function, the effect of resistance exercise on VDR has been unclear. We investigated intramuscular VDR expression in response to an acute bout of resistance exercise and endurance exercise. Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to either resistance exercise (isometrically exercised via percutaneous electrical stimulation for 5 sets of ten 3-s contractions, with a 7-s interval between contractions and 3-min rest intervals between sets) or endurance exercise (treadmill at 25 m min(-1) for 60 min). Rats were killed immediately or 1, 3, 6, or 24 h after completion of the resistance or endurance exercise, and gastrocnemius muscles were removed. Non-exercise control animals were killed in a basal state (control group). Intramuscular VDR expression was significantly higher immediately after resistance exercise and elevated for 3 h after exercise compared with the control group (P < 0.05), and the resistance exercise significantly increased phosphorylated ERK1/2 and Mnk1 expression (P < 0.05), which may be associated with VDR expression, immediately after exercise. Additionally, intramuscular cytochrome P450 27B1 expression, an enzyme related to vitamin D metabolism, was significantly higher at 1 and 3 h after exercise (P < 0.05) compared with the control group. In contrast, endurance exercise had no effect on any of the measured proteins. Our results indicate that resistance exercise may be an efficient way to increase intramuscular VDR and related enzyme expression. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Article Published Date : Sep 06, 2015

Abstract Title: Compression garment promotes muscular strength recovery after resistance exercise. Abstract Source: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014 Dec ;46(12):2265-70. PMID: 25003778 Abstract Author(s): Kazushige Goto, Takuma Morishima Article Affiliation: Kazushige Goto Abstract: PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the effects of wearing a compression garment (CG) for 24 h on changes in muscular strength and blood parameters over time after resistance exercise. METHODS: Nine trained men conducted resistance exercises (10 repetitions of 3-5 sets at 70% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) for nine exercises) in two trials, wearing either a CG or a normal garment (CON) for 24 h after exercise. Recovery of muscular strength, blood parameters, muscle soreness, and upper arm and thigh circumference were compared between the trials. RESULTS: Both trials showed decreases in maximal strength after the exercise (P<0.05). However, the CG trial showed faster recovery of one-repetition maximum for the chest press from 3 to 8 h after exercise (P<0.05). Recovery of maximal knee extension strength was also improved in the CG trial 24 h after exercise (P<0.05). The CG trial was associated with lower muscle soreness and subjective fatigue scores the following morning (P<0.05). The upper arm and thigh circumferences were significantly higher during the recovery period in the CON trial, whereas no change was observed in the CG trial. Blood lactate, insulin like growth factor-1, free testosterone, myoglobin, creatine kinase, interleukin 6, and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist concentrations for 24 h after exercise were similar in both trials. CONCLUSIONS: Wearing a CG after resistance exercise facilitates the recovery of muscular strength. Recovery for upper body muscles significantly improved within 3-8 h after exercise. However, facilitation of recovery of lower limb muscles by wearing the CG took a longer time. Article Published Date : Nov 30, 2014

Abstract Title: Association between physical activity advice only or structured exercise training with blood pressure levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Abstract Source: Sports Med. 2014 Nov ;44(11):1557-72. PMID: 25047852 Abstract Author(s): Franciele R Figueira, Daniel Umpierre, Felipe V Cureau, Alessandra T N Zucatti, Mériane B Dalzochio, Cristiane B Leitão, Beatriz D Schaan Article Affiliation: Franciele R Figueira Abstract: BACKGROUND: Diabetes is associated with marked cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the association between different types of exercise training and blood pressure (BP) changes is not fully clear in type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) was to determine the effects of structured exercise training (aerobic [AER], resistance [RES], or combined [COMB]) and physical activity (PA) advice only on BP changes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Searches in five electronic databases were conducted to retrieve studies published from 1980 to 2013. Eligible studies were RCTs consisting of structured exercise training or PA advice versus no intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes. We used random effect models to derive weighted mean differences (WMDs) of exercises on absolute changes in systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP). RESULTS: A total of 30 RCTs of structured training (2,217 patients) and 21 of PA advice (7,323 patients) were included. Data were extracted independently in duplicate. Structured exercise was associated with reductions in SBP (WMD -4.22 mmHg; 95% confidence interval [CI] -5.89 to -2.56) and DBP (WMD -2.07 mmHg; 95% CI -3.03 to -1.11) versus controls. In structured exercise interventions, AER and RES were associated with declines in BP, and COMB was not associated with BP changes. However, in sensitivity analysis, a high-intensity protocol within COMB was associated with declines in SBP (WMD -3.30 mmHg; 95% CI -4.71 to -1.89). Structured exercise longer than 150 min/week was associated with greater BP reductions. PA advice only was associated with reduction in SBP (WMD -2.97 mmHg; 95% CI -4.52 to -1.43) and DBP (WMD -1.41 mmHg; 95% CI -1.94 to -0.88) versus controls. CONCLUSIONS: AER, RES, and high-intensity combined training are associated with BP reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes, especially in exercise programs lasting more than 150 min/week. PA advice only is also associated with lower BP levels. Article Published Date : Oct 31, 2014

Abstract Title: Acute resistance exercise induces antinociception by activation of the endocannabinoid system in rats. Abstract Source: Anesth Analg. 2014 Sep ;119(3):702-15. PMID: 24977916 Abstract Author(s): Giovane Galdino, Thiago Romero, José Felippe Pinho da Silva, Daniele Aguiar, Ana Maria de Paula, Jader Cruz, Cosimo Parrella, Fabiana Piscitelli, Igor Duarte, Vincenzo Di Marzo, Andrea Perez Article Affiliation: Giovane Galdino Abstract: BACKGROUND: Resistance exercise (RE) is also known as strength training, and it is performed to increase the strength and mass of muscles, bone strength, and metabolism. RE has been increasingly prescribed for pain relief. However, the endogenous mechanisms underlying this antinociceptive effect are still largely unexplored. Thus, we investigated the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in RE-induced antinociception. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were submitted to acute RE in a weight-lifting model. The nociceptive threshold was measured by a mechanical nociceptive test (paw pressure) before and after exercise. To investigate the involvement of cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoids in RE-induced antinociception, cannabinoid receptor inverse agonists, endocannabinoid metabolizing enzyme inhibitors, and an anandamide reuptake inhibitor were injected before RE. After RE, CB1 cannabinoid receptors were quantified in rat brain tissue by Western blot and immunofluorescence. In addition, endocannabinoid plasma levels were measured by isotope dilution-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. RESULTS: RE-induced antinociception was prevented by preinjection with CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptor inverse agonists. By contrast, preadministration of metabolizing enzyme inhibitors and the anandamide reuptake inhibitor prolonged and enhanced this effect. RE also produced an increase in the expression and activation of CB1 cannabinoid receptors in rat brain tissue and in the dorsolateral and ventrolateral periaqueductal regions and an increase in endocannabinoid plasma levels. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that a single session of RE activates the endocannabinoid system to induce antinociception. Article Published Date : Aug 31, 2014

Abstract Title: Muscle-strengthening and conditioning activities and risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study in two cohorts of US women. Abstract Source: PLoS Med. 2014 Jan ;11(1):e1001587. Epub 2014 Jan 14. PMID: 24453948 Abstract Author(s): Anders Grøntved, An Pan, Rania A Mekary, Meir Stampfer, Walter C Willett, JoAnn E Manson, Frank B Hu Article Affiliation: Anders Grøntved Abstract: BACKGROUND: It is well established that aerobic physical activity can lower the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but whether muscle-strengthening activities are beneficial for the prevention of T2D is unclear. This study examined the association of muscle-strengthening activities with the risk of T2D in women. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We prospectively followed up 99,316 middle-aged and older women for 8 years from the Nurses' Health Study ([NHS] aged 53-81 years, 2000-2008) and Nurses' Health Study II ([NHSII] aged 36-55 years, 2001-2009), who were free of diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases at baseline. Participants reported weekly time spent on resistance exercise, lower intensity muscular conditioning exercises (yoga, stretching, toning), and aerobic moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) at baseline and in 2004/2005. Cox regression with adjustment for major determinants for T2D was carried out to examine the influence of these types of activities on T2D risk. During 705,869 person years of follow-up, 3,491 incident T2D cases were documented. In multivariable adjusted models including aerobic MVPA, the pooled relative risk (RR) for T2D for women performing 1-29, 30-59, 60-150, and>150 min/week of total muscle-strengthening and conditioning activities was 0.83, 0.93, 0.75, and 0.60 compared to women reporting no muscle-strengthening and conditioning activities (p<0.001 for trend). Furthermore, resistance exercise and lower intensity muscular conditioning exercises were each independently associated with lower risk of T2D in pooled analyses. Women who engaged in at least 150 min/week of aerobic MVPA and at least 60 min/week of muscle-strengthening activities had substantial risk reduction compared with inactive women (pooled RR = 0.33 [95% CI 0.29-0.38]). Limitations to the study include that muscle-strengthening and conditioning activity and other types of physical activity were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire and that the study population consisted of registered nurses with mostly European ancestry. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that engagement in muscle-strengthening and conditioning activities (resistance exercise, yoga, stretching, toning) is associated with a lower risk of T2D. Engagement in both aerobic MVPA and muscle-strengthening type activity is associated with a substantial reduction in the risk of T2D in middle-aged and older women. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2013

Abstract Title: Long-term effects of aerobic training versus combined aerobic and resistance training in modifying cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy elderly men. Abstract Source: Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2013 Oct ;13(4):928-35. Epub 2013 Feb 26. PMID: 23441809 Abstract Author(s): Nelson Sousa, Romeu Mendes, Catarina Abrantes, Jaime Sampaio, José Oliveira Article Affiliation: Nelson Sousa Abstract: AIMS: The purpose of the present study was to compare different modes of exercise in chronic modification of cardiovascular diseases risk factors. METHODS: A total of 48 healthy elderly men were randomly assigned to an aerobic training group (n = 15, aged 71.7± 4.7 years), a combined (aerobic and resistance) training group (n = 16, aged 68.5 ± 3.5 years) and a control group (n = 17, aged 67.0 ± 5.8 years). Both training programs were of moderate-to-vigorous intensity, 3 days per week for 9 months. Primary outcome measures included body composition, blood pressure and lipid profile. Odds ratios (OR) between hypertension, obesity and dyslipidemia were calculated. The independence between risk factors, aggregation and group factor was tested (baseline vs post-test). RESULTS: There was significant aggregation between hypertension and obesity (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.24-5.33). After 32 weeks, there was a significant change in the number of hypertensive (χ(2) = 8.1, P = 0.004) and dyslipidemic (χ(2) = 3.9, P = 0.049) participants, and also a favorable modification in the risk factors aggregation (χ(2) = 7.9, P = 0.019), but only in the combined training group. CONCLUSIONS: Combined aerobic and resistance training is more effective in the chronic modification of blood pressure and lipid profile, and in the reduction of total risk factors aggregated. Article Published Date : Sep 30, 2013

Abstract Title: A randomized 9-month study of blood pressure and body fat responses to aerobic training versus combined aerobic and resistance training in older men. Abstract Source: Exp Gerontol. 2013 Aug ;48(8):727-33. Epub 2013 Apr 26. PMID: 23628502 Abstract Author(s): Nelson Sousa, Romeu Mendes, Catarina Abrantes, Jaime Sampaio, José Oliveira Article Affiliation: Nelson Sousa Abstract: This randomized study evaluated the impact of different exercise training modalities on blood pressure and body fat responses in apparently healthy older men. Forty-eight elderly men (aged 65-75 years) were randomly assigned to an aerobic training group (ATG, n=15), a combined aerobic and resistance training group (CTG, n=16), or a control group (n=17). Both exercise training programs were moderate-to-vigorous intensity, three days/week for 9-months. Strength, aerobic endurance, body fat and blood pressure were measured on five different occasions. The data were analyzed using a mixed-model ANOVA, and the independence between systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and group was tested. A significant main effect of group (p<0.001) was observed in strength and aerobic endurance, with higher performance observed in the CTG. A significant main effect of group (p<0.001) and time (p=0.029) was observed in body fat percentage, with a 2.3% decrease in CTG. A significant main effect of time was observed in SBP (p=0.005) and in DBP (p=0.011) for both ATG and CTG. Mean decreases in SBP and DBP, respectively, were 15 and 6 mmHg for ATG and 24 and 12 mmHg for CTG. There was a significant association for SBP (p=0.008) and DBP (p=0.005) in the CTG, with significant individual BP profile modifications. Both exercise-training programs reduce resting blood pressure. However, only the combined exercise training was effective at reducing body fat percentage; consequently, there were larger changes in blood pressure, which result in a significant reduction in hypertensive subjects. Article Published Date : Jul 31, 2013

Abstract Title: Exercise training improves endothelial function in young prehypertensives. Abstract Source: Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2013 Apr ;238(4):433-41. PMID: 23760009 Abstract Author(s): Darren T Beck, Darren P Casey, Jeffrey S Martin, Blaze D Emerson, Randy W Braith Article Affiliation: Darren T Beck Abstract: Prehypertensives exhibit marked endothelial dysfunction, a risk factor for future cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the ability of exercise to ameliorate endothelial dysfunction in prehypertensives is grossly underinvestigated. This prospective randomized and controlled study examined the separate effects of resistance and endurance training on conduit artery endothelial function in young prehypertensives. Forty-three unmedicated prehypertensive (systolic blood pressure [SBP]=120-139 mmHg; diastolic blood pressure [DBP]=80-89 mmHg) but otherwise healthy men and women and 15 normotensive matched time-controls (NMTC); n = 15) between 18 and 35 y of age met screening requirements and participated in the study. Prehypertensive subjects were randomly assigned to either a resistance exercise training (PHRT; n = 15), endurance exercise training (PHET; n = 13) or time-control group (PHTC; n = 15). The treatment groups performed exercise training three days per week for eight weeks. The control groups did not initiate exercise programs throughout the study. Flow mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery, biomarkers of enodothelial function and peripheral blood pressure were evaluated before and after exercise intervention or time-matched control. PHRT and PHET reduced resting SBP (9.6± 3.6 and 11.9 ± 3.4 mmHg, respectively; P<0.05) and DBP (8.0± 5.1 and 7.2 ± 3.4 mmHg, respectively; P<0.05). Exercise training improved brachial artery FMD absolute diameter, percent dilation and normalized percent dilation by 30%, 34% and 19% for PHRT, P<0.05; and by 54%, 63% and 75% for PHET, P<0.05; respectively. PHRT and PHET increased plasma concentrations of 6-keto prostaglandin F1α (19% and 22%, respectively; P<0.05), NO x (19% and 23%, respectively; P<0.05), and reduced endothelin-1 by (16% and 24%, respectively; P<0.01). This study provides novel evidence that resistance and endurance exercise separately have beneficial effects on resting peripheral blood pressure, brachial artery FMD and endothelial-derived vasoactive agents in young prehypertensives. Article Published Date : Mar 31, 2013

Abstract Title: Exercise training for blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Abstract Source: J Am Heart Assoc. 2013 Feb ;2(1):e004473. Epub 2013 Feb 1. PMID: 23525435 Abstract Author(s): Veronique A Cornelissen, Neil A Smart Article Affiliation: Veronique A Cornelissen Abstract: BACKGROUND: We conducted meta-analyses examining the effects of endurance, dynamic resistance, combined endurance and resistance training, and isometric resistance training on resting blood pressure (BP) in adults. The aims were to quantify and compare BP changes for each training modality and identify patient subgroups exhibiting the largest BP changes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Randomized controlled trials lasting≥4 weeks investigating the effects of exercise on BP in healthy adults (age ≥18 years) and published in a peer-reviewed journal up to February 2012 were included. Random effects models were used for analyses, with data reported as weighted means and 95% confidence interval. We included 93 trials, involving 105 endurance, 29 dynamic resistance, 14 combined, and 5 isometric resistance groups, totaling 5223 participants (3401 exercise and 1822 control). Systolic BP (SBP) was reduced after endurance (-3.5 mm Hg [confidence limits -4.6 to -2.3]), dynamic resistance (-1.8 mm Hg [-3.7 to -0.011]), and isometric resistance (-10.9 mm Hg [-14.5 to -7.4]) but not after combined training. Reductions in diastolic BP (DBP) were observed after endurance (-2.5 mm Hg [-3.2 to -1.7]), dynamic resistance (-3.2 mm Hg [-4.5 to -2.0]), isometric resistance (-6.2 mm Hg [-10.3 to -2.0]), and combined (-2.2mm Hg [-3.9 to -0.48]) training. BP reductions after endurance training were greater (P<0.0001) in 26 study groups of hypertensive subjects (-8.3 [-10.7 to -6.0]/-5.2 [-6.8 to -3.4] mm Hg) than in 50 groups of prehypertensive subjects (-2.1 [-3.3 to -0.83]/-1.7 [-2.7 to -0.68]) and 29 groups of subjects with normal BP levels (-0.75 [-2.2 to +0.69]/-1.1 [-2.2 to -0.068]). BP reductions after dynamic resistance training were largest for prehypertensive participants (-4.0 [-7.4 to -0.5]/-3.8 [-5.7 to -1.9] mm Hg) compared with patients with hypertension or normal BP. CONCLUSION: Endurance, dynamic resistance, and isometric resistance training lower SBP and DBP, whereas combined training lowers only DBP. Data from a small number of isometric resistance training studies suggest this form of training has the potential for the largest reductions in SBP. Article Published Date : Jan 31, 2013

Abstract Title: Effects of aerobic and/or resistance training on body mass and fat mass in overweight or obese adults. Abstract Source: J Appl Physiol. 2012 Dec 15 ;113(12):1831-7. Epub 2012 Sep 27. PMID: 23019316 Abstract Author(s): Leslie H Willis, Cris A Slentz, Lori A Bateman, A Tamlyn Shields, Lucy W Piner, Connie W Bales, Joseph A Houmard, William E Kraus Article Affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Abstract: Recent guidelines on exercise for weight loss and weight maintenance include resistance training as part of the exercise prescription. Yet few studies have compared the effects of similar amounts of aerobic and resistance training on body mass and fat mass in overweight adults. STRRIDE AT/RT, a randomized trial, compared aerobic training, resistance training, and a combination of the two to determine the optimal mode of exercise for obesity reduction. Participants were 119 sedentary, overweight or obese adults who were randomized to one of three 8-mo exercise protocols: 1) RT: resistance training, 2) AT: aerobic training, and 3) AT/RT: aerobic and resistance training (combination of AT and RT). Primary outcomes included total body mass, fat mass, and lean body mass. The AT and AT/RT groups reduced total body mass and fat mass more than RT (P<0.05), but they were not different from each other. RT and AT/RT increased lean body mass more than AT (P<0.05). While requiring double the time commitment, a program of combined AT and RT did not result in significantly more fat mass or body mass reductions over AT alone. Balancing time commitments against health benefits, it appears that AT is the optimal mode of exercise for reducing fat mass and body mass, while a program including RT is needed for increasing lean mass in middle-aged, overweight/obese individuals. Article Published Date : Dec 14, 2012

Abstract Title: Low Muscle Glycogen Concentration Does Not Suppress the Anabolic Response to Resistance Exercise. Abstract Source: J Appl Physiol. 2012 May 24. Epub 2012 May 24. PMID: 22628371 Abstract Author(s): Donny M Camera, Daniel W D West, Nicholas A Burd, Stuart M Phillips, Andrew P Garnham, John A Hawley, Vernon G Coffey Article Affiliation: 1RMIT University. Abstract: We determined the effect of muscle glycogen concentration and post-exercise nutrition on anabolic signaling and rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis after resistance exercise (REX). Sixteen young, healthy males matched for age, body mass, peak oxygen uptake (VO(2peak)) and strength (one repetition maximum; 1RM) were randomly assigned to either a nutrient or placebo group. After 48 h diet and exercise control, subjects undertook a glycogen-depletion protocol consisting of one-leg cycling to fatigue (LOW), while the other leg rested (NORM). The next morning following an overnight fast, a primed, constant infusion of L-[ring-(13)C(6)] phenylalanine was commenced and subjects completed 8 sets of 5 unilateral leg press repetitions at 80% 1RM. Immediately after REX and 2 h later, subjects consumed a 500 mL bolus of a protein/CHO (20 g whey + 40 g maltodextrin), or placebo beverage. Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis of both legs were taken at rest and 1 and 4 h after REX. Muscle glycogen concentration was higher in the NORM than LOW at all time points in both nutrient and placebo groups (P<0.05). Post-exercise Akt-p70S6K-rpS6 phosphorylation increased in both groups with no differences between legs (P<0.05). mTOR(Ser2448) phosphorylation in placebo increased 1 h after exercise in NORM (P<0.05) while mTOR increased ~4 fold in LOW (P<0.01) and ~11 fold in NORM with nutrient (P<0.01; different between legs P<0.05). Post-exercise rates of MPS were not different between NORM and LOW in nutrient (0.070± 0.022 vs. 0.068 ± 0.018 %(.)h(-1)) or placebo (0.045 ± 0.021 vs. 0.049 ± 0.017 %(.)h(-1)). We conclude that commencing high-intensity REX with low muscle glycogen availability does not compromise the anabolic signal and subsequent rates of MPS, at least during the early (4 h) post-exercise recovery period. Article Published Date : May 24, 2012

Abstract Title: The effect of 12 weeks of aerobic, resistance or combination exercise training on cardiovascular risk factors in the overweight and obese in a randomized trial. Abstract Source: BMC Public Health. 2012 ;12:704. Epub 2012 Aug 28. PMID: 23006411 Abstract Author(s): Suleen S Ho, Satvinder S Dhaliwal, Andrew P Hills, Sebely Pal Article Affiliation: Suleen S Ho Abstract: BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that exercise training improves CVD risk factors. However, it is unclear whether health benefits are limited to aerobic training or if other exercise modalities such as resistance training or a combination are as effective or more effective in the overweight and obese. The aim of this study is to investigate whether 12 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic, resistance, or combined exercise training would induce and sustain improvements in cardiovascular risk profile, weight and fat loss in overweight and obese adults compared to no exercise. METHODS: Twelve-week randomized parallel design examining the effects of different exercise regimes on fasting measures of lipids, glucose and insulin and changes in body weight, fat mass and dietary intake. Participants were randomized to either: Group 1 (Control, n = 16); Group 2 (Aerobic, n = 15); Group 3 (Resistance, n = 16); Group 4 (Combination, n = 17). Data was analysed using General Linear Model to assess the effects of the groups after adjusting for baseline values. Within-group data was analyzed with the paired t-test and between-group effects using post hoc comparisons. RESULTS: Significant improvements in body weight (-1.6%, p = 0.044) for the Combination group compared to Control and Resistance groups and total body fat compared to Control (-4.4%, p = 0.003) and Resistance (-3%, p = 0.041). Significant improvements in body fat percentage (-2.6%, p = 0.008), abdominal fat percentage (-2.8%, p = 0.034) and cardio-respiratory fitness (13.3%, p = 0.006) were seen in the Combination group compared to Control. Levels of ApoB48 were 32% lower in the Resistance group compared to Control (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: A 12-week training program comprising of resistance or combination exercise, at moderate-intensity for 30 min, five days/week resulted in improvements in the cardiovascular risk profile in overweight and obese participants compared to no exercise. From our observations, combination exercise gave greater benefits for weight loss, fat loss and cardio-respiratory fitness than aerobic and resistance training modalities. Therefore, combination exercise training should be recommended for overweight and obese adults in National Physical Activity Guidelines.This clinical trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), registration number: ACTRN12609000684224. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2011

Abstract Title: Testosterone physiology in resistance exercise and training: the up-stream regulatory elements. Abstract Source: Sports Med. 2010 Dec 1;40(12):1037-53. PMID: 21058750 Abstract Author(s): Jakob L Vingren, William J Kraemer, Nicholas A Ratamess, Jeffrey M Anderson, Jeff S Volek, Carl M Maresh Article Affiliation: Applied Physiology Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA. Abstract: Testosterone is one of the most potent naturally secreted androgenic-anabolic hormones, and its biological effects include promotion of muscle growth. In muscle, testosterone stimulates protein synthesis (anabolic effect) and inhibits protein degradation (anti-catabolic effect); combined, these effects account for the promotion of muscle hypertrophy by testosterone. These physiological signals from testosterone are modulated through the interaction of testosterone with the intracellular androgen receptor (AR). Testosterone is important for the desired adaptations to resistance exercise and training; in fact, testosterone is considered the major promoter of muscle growth and subsequent increase in muscle strength in response to resistance training in men. The acute endocrine response to a bout of heavy resistance exercise generally includes increased secretion of various catabolic (breakdown-related) and anabolic (growth-related) hormones including testosterone. The response of testosterone and AR to resistance exercise is largely determined by upper regulatory elements including the acute exercise programme variable domains, sex and age. In general, testosterone concentration is elevated directly following heavy resistance exercise in men. Findings on the testosterone response in women are equivocal with both increases and no changes observed in response to a bout of heavy resistance exercise. Age also significantly affects circulating testosterone concentrations. Until puberty, children do not experience an acute increase in testosterone from a bout of resistance exercise; after puberty some acute increases in testosterone from resistance exercise can be found in boys but not in girls. Aging beyond 35-40 years is associated with a 1-3% decline per year in circulating testosterone concentration in men; this decline eventually results in the condition known as andropause. Similarly, aging results in a reduced acute testosterone response to resistance exercise in men. In women, circulating testosterone concentration also gradually declines until menopause, after which a drastic reduction is found. In summary, testosterone is an important modulator of muscle mass in both men and women and acute increases in testosterone can be induced by resistance exercise. In general, the variables within the acute programme variable domains must be selected such that the resistance exercise session contains high volume and metabolic demand in order to induce an acute testosterone response. Article Published Date : Dec 01, 2010

Abstract Title: Efficacy of systematic endurance and resistance training on muscle strength and endurance performance in elderly adults--a randomized controlled trial. Abstract Source: Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2009 ;121(23-24):757-64. PMID: 20047114 Abstract Author(s): Barbara Strasser, Markus Keinrad, Paul Haber, Wolfgang Schobersberger Article Affiliation: Barbara Strasser Abstract: BACKGROUND: Aging is associated with loss in both muscle mass and the metabolic quality of skeletal muscle. A major part of these changes is associated with an age-related decrease in the level of physical activity and may be counteracted by endurance training (ET) and resistance training (RT). OBJECTIVE: Since both muscle strength and aerobic power decrease with age, we investigated what form of training might be best for improvements in physical performance in the elderly. In detail, we wanted to know whether systematic ET can augment muscle strength and/or whether systematic RT can augment the aerobic power of healthy elderly adults. METHODS: Forty-two volunteers (32 women, 10 men) were recruited for the study and randomized into three groups: 13 persons undertook a continuous 6-month ET program, 15 undertook a continuous 6-month RT program and 14 served as a control group. All persons performed a cycling test to measure aerobic power (VO(2max)) and maximum workload (W(max)) before and after the training period. Maximum strength was determined from one repetition maximum (1-RM). RESULTS: After 6 months of RT, maximum strength increased by an average of 15% for leg press (P<0.01), 25% for bench press (P<0.01) and 30% for bench pull (P<0.001); ET showed no effect on maximum strength except for the 1-RM in bench pull. Aerobic power improved by 6% in the ET group and by 2.5% in the RT group, neither of which was significant. Maximum workload improved significantly by 31% in the ET group (P<0.001) and by 6% in the RT group (P = 0.05). ET resulted in a significant 5.3% reduction of body fat (P<0.05), whereas only RT increased lean body mass by 1.0 +/- 0.5 kg. CONCLUSION: RT leads to a genuine increase in lean body mass and muscle strength in healthy elderly adults and is therefore the best method for treatment of amyotrophia. ET appears to be the most efficacious training mode for maintaining and improving maximum aerobic power in the elderly and should be viewed as a complement to RT. The loading intensity to promote hypertrophy should approach 60-80% of 1-RM with an exercise volume ranging from 3 to 6 sets per muscle group per week of 10-15 repetitions per exercise. ET should be performed on two days per week controlled by a heart rate according to 60% of VO(2max) and an exercise volume ranging from 30 to 60 minutes per week. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2008

Abstract Title: Effect of exercise on blood pressure in older persons: a randomized controlled trial. Abstract Source: Arch Intern Med. 2005 Apr 11 ;165(7):756-62. PMID: 15824294 Abstract Author(s): Kerry J Stewart, Anita C Bacher, Katherine L Turner, Jerome L Fleg, Paul S Hees, Edward P Shapiro, Matthew Tayback, Pamela Ouyang Article Affiliation: Kerry J Stewart Abstract: BACKGROUND: Because of age-related differences in the cause of hypertension, it is uncertain whether current exercise guidelines for reducing blood pressure (BP) are applicable to older persons. Few exercise studies in older persons have evaluated BP changes in relation to changes in body composition or fitness. METHODS: This was a 6-month randomized controlled trial of combined aerobic and resistance training; controls followed usual care physical activity and diet advice. Participants (aged 55-75 years) had untreated systolic BP (SBP) of 130 to 159 mm Hg or diastolic BP (DBP) of 85 to 99 mm Hg. RESULTS: Fifty-one exercisers and 53 controls completed the trial. Exercisers significantly improved aerobic and strength fitness, increased lean mass, and reduced general and abdominal obesity. Mean decreases in SBP and DBP, respectively, were 5.3 and 3.7 mm Hg among exercisers and 4.5 and 1.5 mm Hg among controls (P<.001 for all). There were no significant group differences in mean SBP change from baseline (-0.8 mm Hg; P=.67). The mean DBP reduction was greater among exercisers (-2.2 mm Hg; P=.02). Aortic stiffness, indexed by aortofemoral pulse-wave velocity, was unchanged in both groups. Body composition improvements explained 8% of the SBP reduction (P = .006) and 17% of the DBP reduction (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: A 6-month program of aerobic and resistance training lowered DBP but not SBP in older adults with mild hypertension more than in controls. The concomitant lack of improvement in aortic stiffness in exercisers suggests that older persons may be resistant to exercise-induced reductions in SBP. Body composition improvements were associated with BP reductions and may be a pathway by which exercise training improves cardiovascular health in older men and women. Article Published Date : Apr 10, 2005

Abstract Title: Heavy resistance training increases muscle size, strength and physical function in elderly male COPD-patients--a pilot study. Abstract Source: Respir Med. 2004 Oct;98(10):1000-7. PMID: 15481277 Abstract Author(s): M Kongsgaard, V Backer, K Jørgensen, M Kjaer, N Beyer Abstract: This study investigated the effects of heavy resistance training in elderly males with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). 18 Home-dwelling male patients (age range: 65-80 years), with a mean forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) of 46 +/- 3.4% of predicted value, were recruited. Baseline and post-training assessments included: Cross-sectional area (CSA) of quadriceps assessed by MRI, isometric and isokinetic knee extension strength, isometric trunk strength, leg extension power, normal and maximal gait-speed on a 30 m track, stair climbing time, number of chair stands in 30 s, lung function (FEV1) and self-reported health. Subjects were randomized to a resistance training group (RE, n = 9) or a control group conducting breathing exercises (CON, n = 9). RE performed heavy progressive resistance training twice a week for 12 weeks. 6 RE and 7 CON completed the study. In RE the following improved (P < 0.05): Quadriceps CSA: 4%, isometric knee extension strength: 14%, isokinetic knee extension strength at 60 degrees /s.: 18%, leg extension power: 19%, maximal gait speed: 14%, stair climbing time: 17%, isometric trunk flexion: 5% and self-reported health. In CON no changes were found. In conclusion, 12 weeks of heavy resistance training twice a week resulted in significant improvements in muscle size, knee extension strength, leg extension power, functional performance and self-reported health in elderly male COPD patients. Article Published Date : Oct 01, 2004

Abstract Title: Effects of resistance exercise and creatine supplementation on myasthenia gravis: a case study. Abstract Source: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 Jun;33(6):869-72. PMID: 11404649 Abstract Author(s): J R Stout, J M Eckerson, E May, C Coulter, G E Bradley-Popovich Abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this case study was to determine the effects of 15 wk of resistance exercise and creatine (Cr) supplementation on body composition, training volume, peak strength, and complete blood chemistry in a patient with myasthenia gravis (MG). METHODS: The patient was a 26-yr-old man who was taking prednisone and azathioprine for his condition. The patient self-administered 5 g of Cr per day in addition to resistance exercise 3 times per week. Fasting blood samples were obtained and body weight (BW) and fat free mass (FFM; via hydrostatic weighing) were measured before and after training and Cr supplementation. In addition, isokinetic (Cybex II) peak strength for leg extension (LE), leg flexion (LF), and volume load (repetition x mass lifted) for the first and last resistance training session were determined. RESULTS: After Cr supplementation and training, the results demonstrated increases in BW (6.8%), FFM (4.3%), upper body volume load (37.0%), lower body volume load (15.0%), and peak strength for LE (37.0%) and LF (12.5%). Moreover, blood chemistry values remained within normal limits for the duration of the 15-wk study. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that resistance exercise plus Cr supplementation may promote gains in strength and FFM in patients with MG. Article Published Date : Jun 01, 2001