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Polyphenol supplementation alters intramuscular apoptotic signaling following acute resistance exercise📎

Abstract Title: Polyphenol supplementation alters intramuscular apoptotic signaling following acute resistance exercise. Abstract Source: Physiol Rep. 2018 Jan ;6(2). PMID: 29380956 Abstract Author(s): Jeremy R Townsend, Jeffrey R Stout, Adam R Jajtner, David D Church, Kyle S Beyer, Joshua J Riffe, Tyler W D Muddle, Kelli L Herrlinger, David H Fukuda, Jay R Hoffman Article Affiliation: Jeremy R Townsend Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 28-days of supplementation with an aqueous proprietary polyphenol blend (PPB) sourced from Camellia sinensis on intramuscular apoptotic signaling following an acute lower-body resistance exercise protocol and subsequent recovery. Untrained males (n = 38, 21.8 ± 2.7 years, 173.4 ± 7.9 cm, 77.6 ± 14.6 kg) were randomized to PPB (n = 14), placebo (PL; n = 14) or control (CON; n = 10). Participants completed a lower-body resistance exercise protocol comprised of the squat, leg press, and leg extension exercises. Skeletal muscle microbiopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis preexercise (PRE), 1-h (1HR), 5-h (5HR), and 48-h (48HR) post-resistance exercise. Apoptotic signaling pathways were quantified using multiplex signaling assay kits to quantify total proteins (Caspase 3, 8, 9) and markers of phosphorylation status (JNK, FADD, p53, BAD, Bcl-2). Changes in markers of muscle damage and intramuscular signaling were analyzed via separate repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Change in Bcl-2 phosphorylation at 1H was significantly greater in PL compared to CON (P = 0.001). BAD phosphorylation was significantly elevated at 5H in PL compared to PPB (P = 0.015) and CON (P = 0.006). The change in JNK phosphorylation was significantly greater in PPB (P = 0.009), and PL (P = 0.017) compared to CON at 1H, while the change for PL was elevated compared to CON at 5H (P = 0.002). A main effectwas observed (P < 0.05) at 1H, 5H, and 48H for p53 and Caspase 8, with Caspase 3 and Caspase 9 elevated at 48H. These data indicate that chronic supplementation with PPB alters apoptotic signaling in skeletal muscle following acute muscle-damaging resistance exercise. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2017

Similarities and differences among half-marathon runners according to their performance level. 📎

Abstract Title: Similarities and differences among half-marathon runners according to their performance level. Abstract Source: PLoS One. 2018 ;13(1):e0191688. Epub 2018 Jan 24. PMID: 29364940 Abstract Author(s): Ana Ogueta-Alday, Juan Carlos Morante, Josué Gómez-Molina, Juan García-López Article Affiliation: Ana Ogueta-Alday Abstract: This study aimed to identify the similarities and differences among half-marathon runners in relation to their performance level. Forty-eight male runners were classified into 4 groups according to their performance level in a half-marathon (min): Group 1 (n = 11,<70 min), Group 2 (n = 13,<80 min), Group 3 (n = 13,<90 min), Group 4 (n = 11,<105 min). In two separate sessions, training-related, anthropometric, physiological, foot strike pattern and spatio-temporal variables were recorded. Significant differences (p<0.05) between groups (ES = 0.55-3.16) and correlations with performance were obtained (r = 0.34-0.92) in training-related (experience and running distance per week), anthropometric (mass, body mass index and sum of 6 skinfolds), physiological (VO2max, RCT and running economy), foot strike pattern and spatio-temporal variables (contact time, step rate and length). At standardized submaximal speeds (11, 13 and 15 km·h-1), no significant differences between groups were observed in step rate and length, neither in contact time when foot strike pattern was taken into account. In conclusion, apart from training-related, anthropometric and physiological variables, foot strike pattern and step length were the onlybiomechanical variables sensitive to half-marathon performance, which are essential to achieve high running speeds. However, when foot strike pattern and running speeds were controlled (submaximal test), the spatio-temporal variables were similar. This indicates that foot strike pattern and runningspeed are responsible for spatio-temporal differences among runners of different performance level. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2017

Resistance training alone reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure in prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals: meta-analysis.

Abstract Title: Resistance training alone reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure in prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals: meta-analysis. Abstract Source: Hypertens Res. 2017 Aug 3. Epub 2017 Aug 3. PMID: 28769100 Abstract Author(s): Evitom Corrêa de Sousa, Odilon Abrahin, Ana Lorena Lima Ferreira, Rejane Pequeno Rodrigues, Erik Artur Cortinhas Alves, Rodolfo Paula Vieira Article Affiliation: Evitom Corrêa de Sousa Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of resistance training alone on the systolic and diastolic blood pressure in prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals. Our meta-analysis, followed the guidelines of PRISMA. The search for articles was realized by November 2016 using the following electronic databases: BIREME, PubMed, Cochrane Library, LILACS and SciELO and a search strategy that included the combination of titles of medical affairs and terms of free text to the key concepts: 'hypertension' 'hypertensive', 'prehypertensive', 'resistance training', 'strength training', and 'weight-lifting'. These terms were combined with a search strategy to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and identified a total of 1608 articles: 644 articles BIREME, 53 SciELO, 722 PubMed, 122 Cochrane Library and 67 LILACS. Of these, five RCTs met the inclusion criteria and provided data on 201 individuals. The results showed significant reductions for systolic blood pressure (-8.2 mm Hg CI -10.9 to -5.5;I(2): 22.5% P valor for heterogeneity=0.271 and effect size=-0.97) and diastolic blood pressure (-4.1 mm Hg CI -6.3 to -1.9; I(2): 46.5% P valor for heterogeneity=0.113 and effect size=-0.60) when compared to group control. In conclusion, resistance training alone reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure in prehypertensive and hypertensive subjects. The RCTs studies that investigated the effects of resistance training alone in prehypertensive and hypertensive patients support the recommendation of resistance training as a tool for management of systemic hypertension.Hypertension Research advance online publication, 3 August 2017; doi:10.1038/hr.2017.69. Article Published Date : Aug 02, 2017

Is There Evidence that Runners can Benefit from Wearing Compression Clothing?

Abstract Title: Is There Evidence that Runners can Benefit from Wearing Compression Clothing? Abstract Source: Sports Med. 2016 Dec ;46(12):1939-1952. PMID: 27106555 Abstract Author(s): Florian Azad Engel, Hans-Christer Holmberg, Billy Sperlich Article Affiliation: Florian Azad Engel Abstract: BACKGROUND: Runners at various levels of performance and specializing in different events (from 800 m to marathons) wear compression socks, sleeves, shorts, and/or tights in attempt to improve their performance and facilitate recovery. Recently, a number of publications reporting contradictory results with regard to the influence of compression garments in this context have appeared. OBJECTIVES: To assess original research on the effects of compression clothing (socks, calf sleeves, shorts, and tights) on running performance and recovery. METHOD: A computerized research of the electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science was performed in September of 2015, and the relevant articles published in peer-reviewed journals were thus identified rated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) Scale. Studies examining effects on physiological, psychological, and/or biomechanical parameters during or after running were included, and means and measures of variability for the outcome employed to calculate Hedges'g effect size and associated 95 % confidence intervals for comparison of experimental (compression) and control (non-compression) trials. RESULTS: Compression garments exerted no statistically significant mean effects on running performance (times for a (half) marathon, 15-km trail running, 5- and 10-km runs, and 400-m sprint), maximal and submaximal oxygen uptake, blood lactate concentrations, blood gas kinetics, cardiac parameters (including heart rate, cardiac output, cardiac index, and stroke volume), body and perceived temperature, or the performance of strength-related tasks after running. Small positive effect sizes were calculated for the time to exhaustion (in incremental or step tests), running economy (including biomechanical variables), clearance of blood lactate, perceived exertion, maximal voluntary isometric contraction and peak leg muscle power immediately after running, and markers of muscle damage and inflammation. The body core temperature was moderately affected by compression, while the effect size values for post-exercise leg soreness and the delay in onset of muscle fatigue indicated large positive effects. CONCLUSION: Our present findings suggest that by wearing compression clothing, runners may improve variables related to endurance performance (i.e., time to exhaustion) slightly, due to improvements in running economy, biomechanical variables, perception, and muscle temperature. They should also benefit from reduced muscle pain, damage, and inflammation. Article Published Date : Nov 30, 2016

Differences in spatio-temporal parameters between trained runners and untrained participants.

Abstract Title: Differences in spatio-temporal parameters between trained runners and untrained participants. Abstract Source: J Strength Cond Res. 2016 Oct 6. Epub 2016 Oct 6. PMID: 27741056 Abstract Author(s): Josué Gómez-Molina, Ana Ogueta-Alday, Christopher Stickley, Jesus Camara Tobalina, Jon Cabrejas-Ugartondo, Juan García-López Article Affiliation: Josué Gómez-Molina Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the spatio-temporal parameters of trained runners and untrained participants with the same foot strike pattern (rearfoot) during running at controlled speeds. Twenty-one participants were classified in two groups according to their training experience: Trained (n=10, amateur runners with long distance training experience) and Untrained (n=11, healthy non-trained participants). Anthropometric variables were recorded, and the participants performed both a submaximal (between 9 and 15 km·h) and a graded exercise running test (from 6 km·h until exhaustion) on a treadmill. Physiological (VO2max, heart rate, running economy, peak speed…) and biomechanical variables (contact and flight times, step rate and length) were simultaneously registered. Trained runners showed higher step rate and shorter step length than the Untrained group at the same running speeds (between 4-7%, p<0.05) and at the same physiological intensities (between 7-11%, p<0.05). However, there were no differences in contact and flight times between groups. Significant differences (p<0.05) and large effect sizes (Cohen's d) between groups were found for body mass, sum of 6 skinfolds, VO2max, peak speed, ventilatory threshold and respiratory compensation threshold speeds. The Trained group also showed a∼7% better running economy (ml·kg·km) than the Untrained group. In conclusion, adopting higher step rate and shorter step length may be an adaptive mechanism of the Trained group to reduce injury risk and possibly improve running economy. However, contact and flight times were consistent regardless of training level. Article Published Date : Oct 05, 2016

Meta-Analyses of the Effects of Habitual Running on Indices of Health in Physically Inactive Adults. 📎

Abstract Title: Meta-Analyses of the Effects of Habitual Running on Indices of Health in Physically Inactive Adults. Abstract Source: Sports Med. 2015 Oct ;45(10):1455-68. PMID: 26178328 Abstract Author(s): Luiz Carlos Hespanhol Junior, Julian David Pillay, Willem van Mechelen, Evert Verhagen Article Affiliation: Luiz Carlos Hespanhol Junior Abstract: BACKGROUND: In order to implement running to promote physical activity, it is essential to quantify the extent to which running improves health. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to summarise the literature on the effects of endurance running on biomedical indices of health in physically inactive adults. DATA SOURCES: Electronic searches were conducted in October 2014 on PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, the Cochrane Library and LILACS, with no limits of date and language of publication. STUDY SELECTION: Randomised controlled trials (with a minimum of 8 weeks of running training) that included physically inactive but healthy adults (18-65 years) were selected. The studies needed to compare intervention (i.e. endurance running) and control (i.e., no intervention) groups. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS: Two authors evaluated study eligibility, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias; a third author resolved any uncertainties. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to summarise the estimates for length of training and sex. A dose-response analysis was performed with random-effects meta-regression in order to investigate the relationship between running characteristics and effect sizes. RESULTS: After screening 22,380 records, 49 articles were included, of which 35 were used to combine data on ten biomedical indices of health. On average the running programs were composed of 3.7± 0.9 sessions/week, 2.3 ± 1.0 h/week, 14.4 ± 5.4 km/week, at 60-90% of the maximum heart rate, and lasted 21.5 ± 16.8 weeks. After 1 year of training, running was effective in reducing body mass by 3.3 kg [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.1-2.5], body fat by 2.7% (95% CI 5.1-0.2), resting heart rate by 6.7 min(-1) (95% CI 10.3-3.0) and triglycerides by 16.9 mg dl(-1) (95% CI 28.1-5.6). Also, running significantly increased maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) by 7.1 ml min(-1) kg(-1) (95% CI 5.0-9.1) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol by 3.3 mg dl(-1) (95% CI 1.2-5.4). No significanteffect was found for lean body mass, body mass index, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after 1 year of training. In the dose-response analysis, larger effect sizes were found for longer length of training. LIMITATIONS: It was only possible to combine the data of ten out the 161 outcome measures identified. Lack of information on training characteristics precluded a multivariate model in the dose-response analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Endurance running was effective in providing substantial beneficial effects on body mass, body fat, resting heart rate, VO2max, triglycerides and HDL cholesterol in physically inactive adults. The longer the length of training, the larger the achieved health benefits. Clinicians and health authorities can use this information to advise individuals to run, and to support policies towards investing in running programs. Article Published Date : Sep 30, 2015

Runners with back pain: to run or not to run?

Abstract Title: [Runners with back pain: to run or not to run?]. Abstract Source: Rev Med Suisse. 2015 Jul 15 ;11(481):1438, 1440-4. PMID: 26398973 Abstract Author(s): I Garreta-Català, F Font-Vilà, P Bustos-Bedoya, D Cuadras-Pallejà, L González-Cañas, F Balagué-Gea Article Affiliation: I Garreta-Català Abstract: We evaluated the perceived impact of physical activity on back pain in runners. Information from 777 runners participating in a half marathon was obtained with a questionnaire about basic data, features of the weekly training and the relationship between running activity and back pain. Half the runners (54.1%) reported a history of back pain. Among them, almost twice as many reported an improvement (49%) than a worsening (27%) of pain with running. No significant associations were found between perceived impact of running on back pain and other factors. In our study favorable effects were much more frequent than unfavorable ones. Further studies are needed to better understand these effects. Article Published Date : Jul 14, 2015

Rearfoot striking runners are more economical than midfoot strikers.

Abstract Title: Rearfoot striking runners are more economical than midfoot strikers. Abstract Source: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014 Mar ;46(3):580-5. PMID: 24002340 Abstract Author(s): Ana Ogueta-Alday, José Antonio Rodríguez-Marroyo, Juan García-López Article Affiliation: Ana Ogueta-Alday Abstract: PURPOSE: This study aimed to analyze the influence of foot strike pattern on running economy and biomechanical characteristics in subelite runners with a similar performance level. METHODS: Twenty subelite long-distance runners participated and were divided into two groups according to their foot strike pattern: rearfoot (RF, n = 10) and midfoot (MF, n = 10) strikers. Anthropometric characteristics were measured (height, body mass, body mass index, skinfolds, circumferences, and lengths); physiological (VO2max, anaerobic threshold, and running economy) and biomechanical characteristics (contact and flight times, step rate, and step length) were registered during both incremental and submaximal tests on a treadmill. RESULTS: There were no significant intergroup differences in anthropometrics, VO2max, or anaerobic threshold measures. RF strikers were 5.4%, 9.3%, and 5.0% more economical than MF at submaximal speeds (11, 13, and 15 km·h respectively, although the difference was not significant at 15 km·h, P = 0.07). Step rate and step length were not different between groups, but RF showed longer contact time (P<0.01) and shorter flight time (P<0.01) than MF at all running speeds. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that habitually rearfoot striking runners are more economical than midfoot strikers. Foot strike pattern affected both contact and flight times, which may explain the differences in running economy. Article Published Date : Feb 28, 2014

The effect of graduated compression tights, compared with running shorts, on counter movement jump performance before and after submaximal running.

Abstract Title: The effect of graduated compression tights, compared with running shorts, on counter movement jump performance before and after submaximal running. Abstract Source: J Strength Cond Res. 2013 Apr ;27(4):1067-73. PMID: 22692109 Abstract Author(s): Stuart Rugg, Eric Sternlicht Article Affiliation: Stuart Rugg Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine if wearing graduated compression tights, compared with loose fitting running shorts, would increase and or help sustain counter movement jump (CMJ) height after submaximal running. Fourteen competitive runners (6 women and 8 men) participated in this study. The subjects' mean (±SD) for age, height, body mass, percent body fat, resting heart rate, and maximal heart rate were 28.2 ± 14.0 years, 174.7 ± 8.6 cm, 70.2 ± 14.9 kg, 15.5 ± 8.1%, 67.2 ± 7.4 b.min, and 186.5 ± 9.5 b.min, respectively. During testing, subjects wore a Polar RS400 heart rate monitor. Each trialconsisted of 15 minutes of continual treadmill running with 5 minutes performed at 50%, 70%, and 85% of the subject's heart rate reserve. Using a Vertec vertical leaper, each subject performed 3 CMJ, both pre- and postrun trials, with the mean value used to measure relative leg power. In addition tothe CMJ height data, each subject rated their level of perceived exertion (RPE), and their comfort level, after the postrun trials. The mean postrun CMJ height in graduated compression tights of 60.3 ± 19.4 cm was significantly greater (at the p<0.05 level) than both the prerun with tights of 57.7± 19.4 cm (4.5% increase) and the postrun running shorts of 57.7 ± 19.6 cm (4.5% increase). In addition, the subjects reported a significantly lower level of perceived exertion and greater comfort values while wearing the graduated compression tights. The results of the present study support the use of graduated compression tights for maintenance of lower limb muscle power after submaximal endurance running. Article Published Date : Mar 31, 2013

Effect of lower-limb compression clothing on 400-m sprint performance.

Abstract Title: Effect of lower-limb compression clothing on 400-m sprint performance. Abstract Source: J Strength Cond Res. 2013 Mar ;27(3):669-76. PMID: 22592172 Abstract Author(s): James A Faulkner, David Gleadon, Jason McLaren, John R Jakeman Article Affiliation: James A Faulkner Abstract: This study investigated the effects of wearing a variety of lower-limb compression garments on 400-m sprint performance. Eleven 400-m male runners (23.7± 5.7 years, 1.78 ± 0.08 m, and 75.3 ± 10.0 kg) completed six, 400-m running tests on an outdoor, all-weather running track on separate occasions. The participants completed 2 runs with long-length lower-limb compression garments (LG; hip-to-ankle), a combination of short-length lower-limb compression garments (SG; hip-to-knee) with calf compression sleeves (ankle-to-knee), or without compression garments (CON; shorts), in a randomized, counterbalanced order. Overall lap time and 100-m split times, heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) were measured during the 400-m run. Blood lactate concentration, visual analogue scales for perceived soreness, feeling and arousal, and scales for perceived comfort and tightness when wearing compression garments, were assessed before (preexercise, post-warm-up) and after 400-m performance (post, 4 minutes postexercise, after a warm-down). Statistical analysis revealed no differences between conditions in overall 400-m performance, 100-m split times, or blood lactate concentration (p>0.05), although there was a trend for an increased rate of blood lactate clearance when wearing compression garments. A significantly lower RPE (p>0.05) was however observed during LG (13.8± 0.9) and SG (13.4 ± 1.1) when compared with CON (14.0 ± 1.0). This study has demonstrated that lower-limb compression garments may lower the effort perception associated with 400-m performance, despite there being no differences in overall athletic performance. Article Published Date : Feb 28, 2013

Do compression garments enhance the active recovery process after high-intensity running?

Abstract Title: Do compression garments enhance the active recovery process after high-intensity running? Abstract Source: J Strength Cond Res. 2011 Dec ;25(12):3264-8. PMID: 22082795 Abstract Author(s): Dale I Lovell, Dale G Mason, Elias M Delphinus, Christopher P McLellan Article Affiliation: Dale I Lovell Abstract: Lovell, DI, Mason, DG, Delphinus, EM, and McLellan, CP. Do compression garments enhance the active recovery process after high-intensity running? J Strength Cond Res 25(12): 3264-3268, 2011-This study examined the effect of wearing waist-to-ankle compression garments (CGs) on active recovery after moderate- and high-intensity submaximal treadmill running. Twenty-five male semiprofessional rugby league players performed two 30-minute treadmill runs comprising of six 5-minute stages at 6 km·h, 10 km·h, approximately 85% VO(2)max, 6 km·h as a recovery stage followed by approximately 85% VO(2)max and 6 km·h wearing either CGs or regular running shorts in a randomized counterbalanced order with each person acting as his own control. All stages were followed by 30 seconds of rest during which a blood sample was collected to determine blood pH and blood lactate concentration [La]. Expired gases and heart rate (HR) were measured during the submaximal treadmill tests to determine metabolic variables with the average of the last 2 minutes used for data analysis. The HR and [La] werelower (p ≤ 0.05) after the first and second 6 km·h recovery bouts when wearing CGs compared with when wearing running shorts. The respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was higher and [La] lower (p ≤ 0.05) after the 10 km·h stage, and only RER was higher after both 85% VO(2)max stages when wearingCGs compared with when wearing running shorts. There was no difference in blood pH at any exercise stage when wearing the CGs and running shorts. The results of this study indicate that the wearing of CGs may augment the active recovery process in reducing [La] and HR after high-intensity exercise but not effect blood pH. The ability to reduce [La] and HR has important consequences for many sports that are intermittent in nature and consist of repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise interspersed with periods of low-intensity exercise or recovery. Article Published Date : Nov 30, 2011

Effect of lemon verbena supplementation on muscular damage markers, proinflammatory cytokines release and neutrophils' oxidative stress in chronic exercise.

Abstract Title: Effect of lemon verbena supplementation on muscular damage markers, proinflammatory cytokines release and neutrophils' oxidative stress in chronic exercise. Abstract Source: Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011 Apr ;111(4):695-705. Epub 2010 Oct 22. PMID: 20967458 Abstract Author(s): Lorena Funes, Lucrecia Carrera-Quintanar, Manuela Cerdán-Calero, Miguel D Ferrer, Franchek Drobnic, Antoni Pons, Enrique Roche, Vicente Micol Article Affiliation: Lorena Funes Abstract: Intense exercise is directly related to muscular damage and oxidative stress due to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in both, plasma and white blood cells. Nevertheless, exercise-derived ROS are essential to regulate cellular adaptation to exercise. Studies on antioxidant supplements have provided controversial results. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of moderate antioxidant supplementation (lemon verbena extract) in healthy male volunteers that followed a 90-min running eccentric exercise protocol for 21 days. Antioxidant enzymes activities and oxidative stress markers were measured in neutrophils. Besides, inflammatory cytokines and muscular damage were determined in whole blood and serum samples, respectively. Intense running exercise for 21 days induced antioxidant response in neutrophils of trained male through the increase of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. Supplementation with moderate levels of an antioxidant lemon verbena extract did not block this cellular adaptive response and also reduced exercise-induced oxidative damage of proteins and lipids in neutrophils and decreased myeloperoxidase activity. Moreover, lemon verbena supplementation maintained or decreased the level of serum transaminases activity indicating a protection of muscular tissue. Exercise induced a decrease of interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β levels after 21 days measured in basal conditions, which was not inhibited by antioxidant supplementation. Therefore, moderate antioxidant supplementation with lemon verbena extract protects neutrophils against oxidative damage, decreases the signs of muscular damage in chronic running exercise without blocking the cellular adaptation to exercise. Article Published Date : Mar 31, 2011

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